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Understanding Classical and Operant Conditioning in Psychology

Explore the fundamental concepts of classical and operant conditioning in psychology, including examples of stimuli and responses, reinforcement, punishment, and schedules of reinforcement and punishment. Learn about the influential works of Pavlov, Skinner, and Bandura.

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Understanding Classical and Operant Conditioning in Psychology

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  1. Psy 1513 - Allen Ch 6 Review(Prepare for APPLICATION style questions!)

  2. Variables Learning - relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience Classical conditioning – (Pavlov) changes the stimulus that causes a reflex Operant conditioning – (Skinner) uses reinforcement and punishment to change behavior Observational Learning – (Bandura) imitation; learn by observing/watching others

  3. Variables • Classical - Learning based on the pairs of stimuli with responses; Deals with involuntary behaviors/antecedents • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning…Pavlov’s meat powder. • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to elicit a conditioned response...the sound of a tone. • Unconditioned Response (UCR) - an unlearned reaction to a UCS that occurs without previous conditioning…salivating. • Conditioned Response (CR) - a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus…salivating to the tone. (first called a “psychic reflex” by Pavolv)

  4. Variables • Operant - Learning based on the consequences of responding; Based on voluntary behaviors • Reinforcement ► Increasing a response: • Positive reinforcement - response is followed by rewarding stimulus • Negative reinforcement – response is followed by removal of an aversive stimulus • Punishment ► Decreasing a response: • Punishment • (positive) punishment - presentation of an aversive stimulus (spanking) • (negative) punishment - removal of a rewarding stimulus (taking away TV) also called the response cost

  5. Variables • Schedules of Reinforcement/Punishment • Continuous reinforcement - occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced (faster acquisition, faster extinction) • Intermittent (partial) reinforcement - occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time (greater resistance to extinction) • Ratio schedules - require the organism to make the designated response a certain number of times to gain each reinforcer • Fixed-ratio schedule - entails giving a reinforcer after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses • Variable-ratio schedule - entails giving a reinforcer after a variable number of non-reinforced responses • Interval schedules - require a time period to pass between the presentation of reinforcers • Fixed-interval schedule - reinforcing the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed • Variable-interval schedule - giving the reinforcer for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.

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