ST policies in France : Key-orientations and current issues Marianne NOEL Ambassade de France en Cor e Attach e pour

1. S&T policies in France :  Key-orientations and current issues Marianne NOELAmbassade de France en CoréeAttachée pour la Science et la Technologiemarianne.noel@diplomatie.gouv.frwww.ambafrance-kr.org Thank you for your kind introduction. As explained, I’m the Scientific attachée in the French Embassy in Korea. With regard to the upcoming EU Presidency of France, I will present existing scientific cooperation projects between France and Korea Thank you for your kind introduction. As explained, I’m the Scientific attachée in the French Embassy in Korea. With regard to the upcoming EU Presidency of France, I will present existing scientific cooperation projects between France and Korea

2. Content French system of research and higher education : Main characteristics (indicators and figures) Recent dynamics and the new institutional set-up in France Cooperation framework for scientific and technological cooperation S-T diplomacy network Bilateral exchanges program (STAR) Conclusions The content of my lecture is the following The content of my lecture is the following

3. Main characteristics Some recent outstanding successes in mathematics (Field medals), physics (Nobel prizes), informatics (Turing prize), space, transportation, etc. High number of publications with high level in citation rankings in a few fields French research takes its place in a European perspective The actors Mainly research from the French public sector Universities, elite schools and other education centers linked to research Research bodies (CNRS, INSERM, INRIA, CEA …) Private companies French system of research and higher education

4. R&D expenditures

5. Gross Domestic Expenditures on R&D (2004)

6. Human resources in R&D (2003) Total R&D personnel (public+private) is 419 000 physical persons (pp), including 45% in the private sector => +17% since 1993 Number of total researchers : 240 000 pp, 191 629 full time equivalent (57% of the total R&D personnel) with 45% employed in the private sector => +35% since 1993 +12% in private sector, -11% in public sector 31.8% of women in total R&D personnel

7. Human resources in public sector (2003) Composition of research teams variable among disciplines (SHS ? medicine) Professors 35% Researchers (23%) PhD students (42%) => concept of joint unit (UMR) Civil servants with job security – Severe competitive process and adherence to common working conditions and pay scales Average age > 47 years old

8. Human resources (2004) 1.5 million of students, mostly in universities (86%) LMD process From 1999 to 2004 : +14% of licence degree +50% of master degree -6% of PhD degree Number of delivered PhD in France Life sciences : 2090 (20%) Exact sciences : 4186 (40%) Social sciences and humanities : 4194 (40%)

9. Scientific production (2004) % of world production in terms of scientific articles : 4.7 Citation Index after 2 years : 4.4 Impact Factor (IF) after 2 years : 0.94 (< 1) IF > average world in 4 fields : Mathematics-statistics (SPECIALISATION) Applied biology, ecology Chemistry Engineering sciences Sur-representation of French authors in the most 5% cited articles

10. Simplified organigram

11. French system of research and higher education (2008)

12. French system of research and higher education (2008)

13. Why a new scheme ? Questions regarding : Skateholders participation including local authorities and industry Fusion of competencies, disciplines, technologies Policy and institutional interoperability with EU partners for European Research Area Societal challenges

14. We face a new deal in French Research and Higher Education organization We initiated a dialogue with Korean experts on S&T policies (STEPI, KISTEP, academics) => 2 seminars on « S&T policies for changing Natioanl Research and Innovation Systems » Based on contributions mainly from members of « Institut Francilien Recherche Innovation Société » : Pr. Rémi Barré (CNAM, MESR) Pr. C. Paradeise (Université Paris-Est), Pr. P. Larédo (ENPC, Univ. of Manchester) Ifris members (OST, PRES Université Paris-Est) Representatives of ANR, AERES, etc. French system of research and higher education

15. Recent dynamics and the new institutional set-up (1) For the past years : reports, reviews, indicators, foresights, ranking pointing at loss of performance Plus : researchers movement Diagnostic : inadequacy of the Research-Innovation System model to the XXIst Century challenges Underfunding in some parts recognised Research high on the political agenda as part of the « State modernisation move » Source : Rémi Barré, DGRI/MESR 2008

16. Recent dynamics and the new institutional set-up (2) New set-up : LOLF : programme – performance budgeting process (start 2007 budget) Law on Research April 2006 The basis for a new Research - Innovation model : « separated functions model » (international model) A mission for strategic orientation and foresight given to the Ministry for Higher Education and Research (MESR) Law on Universities August 2007 : towards strategic universities

17. Law on Research 5 major objectives To increase efficiency of our process to define strategic priorities To offer stimulating careers to young scientists To set up an efficient system for research evaluation To intensify cooperation between public research and private research To increase international partnerships

18. Creation of several new tools The High Council of Science and Technology The Research and Higher Education Evaluation Agency (AERES) The « Carnot Institutes » dedicated to applied research The National Research Agency (ANR)

19. Agence Nationale de la Recherche A new tool for funding French Research and Innovation A public organization devoted to competitive project funding in both fundamental and applied research on the basis of international standards Objectives: to promote creativity to bring more flexibility and, subsequently, reactivity to increase competitiveness while keeping a good balance between fundamental research and applied research Budget 2008: M€ 896 Since 2005 about 1500 projects funded each year

20. ANR Organization (1) 7 scientific departments : a non thematic department 6 Thematic departments: Biology and health ICT and nanotechnologies Sustainable energy and environment Ecosystems and sustainable development Process and engineering Human and social sciences A transverse department: « Competitiveness and partnerships »

21. ANR Organization (2) A lean structure of 80 persons : 40 scientists covering the whole spectrum of ANR programmes 40 administratives (finance / human resources and communication / assistants)

22. ANR Projects : selection and funding 3 types of research projects fundamental research industrial research pre-competitive development 2 types of consortia academics or public-private partnerships Peer review evaluation of projects Funding: 100% of additional cost for public research teams 25 to 75% of total cost (depending of the type of research and size of enterprise) for industry

24. ANR : key figures (2007) 48 open calls 5623 proposals submitted 1432 funded projects 770 industrial partners Average success rate : 25% Average project funding « academic projects » : 300K€ for 2.5 partners « public-private partnership » :  650k€ for 4.9 partners

25. ANR : programme and provisional budget (2008) “Non thematic” transverse programme : M€ 167 “White” programme: M€ 129 Young researchers programme : M€ 31 Visiting professorships : M€ 7

26. ANR : Programme and provisional budget (2008)

27. ANR European & International Activities A strong will to develop international cooperation To provide an efficient framework for high level international project funding To promote creation of high potential mixedcultural teams on scientific « core issues» or strategic topics To share best practices with other agencies To gain access to experts in other countries

28. ANR European & International activities 2006: initiation of first European partnerships Participation in 4 “Eranets”= transnational calls for proposals with other european funding agencies 2007: strengthening of European actions and initiation of international cooperation Bilateral call for proposals : DFG (Germany), MOST (China), BBSRC (UK) Mutual opening of national calls: NSC (Taïwan) and BMWI (Germany) 2008: development of international cooperation Intensification of existing partnerships : Taiwan, Germany, UK Building of new partnerships with : JST et JSPS (Japan), NSFC (China) AKA (Finland)

29. ANR : Two different collaboration processes Dedicated transnational thematic call for proposals : Eranets Germany: non thematic in social and human science - ANR /DFG UK: Systems Biology - ANR / BBSRC Mutual opening of national calls : Taïwan, China, Japan, Finland

30. ANR : Main priorities (2008) To design a framework for analysis, synthesis and diffusion of funded programme results To promote multidisciplinary projects : Physics/biology, human sciences/nanosciences… To develop international partnerships

31. Agency for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education (AERES) Development of missions formerly assigned to organisations absorbed by the agency : Evaluation of HEIs (CNE – independent agency) Courses and programmes (MSTP – within the ministry) Research units (partly by public research bodies, partly by MSTP) New missions: Approval of evaluation procedures of personnel Evaluation of all public research bodies (EPST, EPIC)

32. AERES : Organization chart

33. AERES : Particulars & specificities An independent Agency Its evaluations are shielded from any pressure group Clear distinction between the evaluation processes (the agency) and the decision processes (ministry – universities and research bodies) A legitimate Agency Quality of its members and its experts (their particulars are made public) A transparent Agency Procedures and evaluation reports are published (Web) Site visits (visiting committees) With specificities A single body integrating the various fields of evaluation An evaluation procedure linked with the state contractual process Methods and criteria in compliance with the international standards

34. The aims of the Agency To be recognized nationally through the quality and the transparency of its evaluation. To contribute to the evolution of the French system of higher education and research in order to help it to better address social and economic expectations. Helping create new relations between institutions and the state Helping institutions implement quality assurance process To promote internationally French research and higher education as well as its evaluation system. To promote the HEIs To help them improving To evaluate their capacity to carry out the missions defined by the law and the aims they determined themselves: Running at the same time the evaluations of the 3 sections Gathering the conclusions of evaluations of the 3 sections to give a global view of the HEIs Running site evaluations in order to measure: - the quality of their relationships with other HEIs on a site, with local public authorities, with socioeconomic stakeholders, - their international cooperations q          Acquérir une crédibilité nationale par la fiabilité et la transparence des évaluations et s’imposer comme l’évaluateur de référence Il s’agit pour l’AERES de réaliser des évaluations de qualité pour fournir une aide à la décision aux décideurs publics et aux structures évaluées.   q          Contribuer à l’évolution du système français d’enseignement supérieur et de recherche pour l’aider à mieux répondre à la demande socio-économique. –        L’AERES se positionne comme d’un des acteurs de la refondation des relations établissements / Etat. –        Dans cette même perspective, elle souhaite aider les établissements à s’engager dans l’assurance qualité.   q          Promouvoir l’attractivité à l’international de la recherche et de l’enseignement supérieur français ainsi que de son système d’évaluation To promote the HEIs To help them improving To evaluate their capacity to carry out the missions defined by the law and the aims they determined themselves: Running at the same time the evaluations of the 3 sections Gathering the conclusions of evaluations of the 3 sections to give a global view of the HEIs Running site evaluations in order to measure: - the quality of their relationships with other HEIs on a site, with local public authorities, with socioeconomic stakeholders, - their international cooperations q          Acquérir une crédibilité nationale par la fiabilité et la transparence des évaluations et s’imposer comme l’évaluateur de référence Il s’agit pour l’AERES de réaliser des évaluations de qualité pour fournir une aide à la décision aux décideurs publics et aux structures évaluées.   q          Contribuer à l’évolution du système français d’enseignement supérieur et de recherche pour l’aider à mieux répondre à la demande socio-économique. –        L’AERES se positionne comme d’un des acteurs de la refondation des relations établissements / Etat. –        Dans cette même perspective, elle souhaite aider les établissements à s’engager dans l’assurance qualité.   q          Promouvoir l’attractivité à l’international de la recherche et de l’enseignement supérieur français ainsi que de son système d’évaluation

35. AERES : Yearly evaluation activities 50 : Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and Public research institutions (EPST) 700 Research units 600 Licences programs 600 Masters programs (2000 degrees) 70 doctoral schools

36. Evaluation of research units A single dossier Assessment of the activity of the last four years Project A visiting committee 7.2 experts (of which 1.4 are foreigners) chosen by the agency after consultation of the unit and its stakeholders (university, research institution) A two-day visit (average) A report Sent to the unit and its stakeholders before publication Published on the agency’s website with their commentaries A grade Established collectively by the committees presidents at the end of each evaluation campaign. Published on the agency’s website

37. Clusters policy New organizations and networks

38. Foresight exercices FutuRIS : a Foresight exercise on the future of the French Research and Innovation system co-financed by the government, research organizations, companies and ANRT. Launched in 2003, the FutuRIS operation made an important contribution to the policy process towards Law on research (April 2006). « La Recherche et l’Innovation en France, FutuRIS 2007 » Ed. Odile Jacob, 2007 It adressed the future of the national Research and Innovation system as a whole and now conducts a strategic monitoring based on the scenarios and strategic indicators.

39. Education, Science and Technology in Korea Korea has specific agreements in S-T with 46 countries, including USA, Japan, China, Russia, UK, France, etc. and the European Union (nov. 2006), Leaded by the International Cooperation Bureau in Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) Global networking through S-T diplomacy Global joint research Cooperation activities including joint committee meeting, S-T forums and seminars and exchanging human resources 10 joint research centers, including Institute Pasteur Korea Multilateral cooperation research programs (ITER, CERN, EU-FP, etc.) Minister Kim Do-Yeon has been trained in France ITER : International Thermonuclear Experimental ReactorMinister Kim Do-Yeon has been trained in France ITER : International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor

40. Cooperation framework Sept. 2002 : 1st session of the joint committee for scientific and technological cooperation - Acts the principle of a joint incitative fund for scientific exchanges (STAR program) March 2005 : 2nd session – Minutes considered as a « roadmap » for the future of cooperation + STAR program enlarged to 2 new fields March 2007 : 3rd session – Achievements (Institut Pasteur Korea, joint structures, etc.)

41. (Political) context 1965 : Agreement on Cultural and Technical Cooperation signed between France and Korea (completed in 1981) Dec 2004 : Global partnership between the two countries – The cooperation in the fields of higher education, scientific research and technology is considered as a main priority 2006 : 120th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the 2 countries, by organizing visible joint events 2008 : French EU Presidency

42. The position of France in European Research 6th Framework Program (FP6) Feb. 2006 : 4870 projets, 8978 millions € after 3 years France present in more than 50% (very active in aeronautics, space and nuclear) 55% of the participants are issued from Germany, France, UK, Italy and Spain European research is a reality

45. S-T Offices in French Embassies S-T activities are a part of the cultural and scientific network abroad (under the supervision of the French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs) Cultural and scientific department belongs to the French Embassy (staff : 30 people) Linked to the French Cultural Center

46. Cultural and scientific network

47. To do what ? Representation and negociation Promoting bilateral relations in the field of competences (scientific and technological cooperation) Manage the STAR program Initiate a dialogue on specific items Searching for information (Survey scientific and technological achievements in Korea -BE Corée, in French, every 2 months) Communication « on the ground » (Animate a network of French scientists (30) working permanently in Korea)

48. One of the tool : STAR Program Main goal : Initiate and subside top-level research cooperation between F and K teams STAR is a competitive program Open to research bodies, universities and companies Selection scheme Call for proposals in both countries with same agenda Evaluation of proposals by experts of both side Joint selection of the best projects with criteria A way to promote S-T seminars and exchanges of human resources Based on individual contacts between researchers (“bottom-up approach”)

50. STAR Program Science and Technology Amicable Relationships “Hubert Curien Partnership” : a global approach with 45 countries Fundings from the French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs at parity with MEST - Implemented for France by the French Embassy, in Korea by Korea Foundation for International Cooperation in Science and Technology - KICOS Launched in June 2003 with 16 projects Since 2003, 6 annual calls for proposals, 85 joint-funded projects Main selection criteria : scientific excellence mobility of young researchers non recurring support

51. STAR Program 6 priority fields : New materials and nanotechnologies Life sciences and biotechnologies Information and communication sciences and technologies Basic sciences Aeronautics and space (since 2005) Human and social sciences (since 2005)

52. Scientific excellence as a main criterion

53. After 5 years 30 à 40 proposals deposited each year since 2005 Around 15 projects are annually funded, around 8000 euros per year and per project for the French teams French researchers stay 7 days in Korea per year since 2003 1 researcher on 2 is a young professional researcher (master, PhD & post-doc students) Per project, 1 publication in a international scientific journal with high impact factor since 2003

54. Access to European programs 1/3 of the French teams involved in STAR program are participating in a EU-FP project => direct access to EU Through many initiatives : FP6 (NoE, STREPS, RTN) and FP7 (1 project in ENV, other TBD) COST Task force IPv6 (France Telecom) Only 10 projects funded in ICT since 2005 through the STAR program

55. STAR Program as a lever effectCreation of Joint Laboratories “Center for Photonics and Nanostructures” (CPN) International Associated Laboratory associating : French side : CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, CEA, Université Paris Sud, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, Université Paul Sabatier Korean side : KIST, KAIST, Seoul National Univ., Ajou Univ., Chungbuk National Univ., Chungnam National Univ, KNU, KRISS, POSTECH Le programme STAR a un effet de levier sur la structuration de la coopération S&T. Il permet de créer des laboratoires conjoints. Issu d’un projet STAR entre H. Lim de l’Université Ajou et Le Si Dang du Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Physique (CNRS-Univ. Joseph Fourier) à Grenoble, mettant en jeu de nombreux partenaires dont le KIST. Le projet STAR portait à l’origine sur les nanostructures de semiconducteurs et les dispositifs physiques récents associés (quantum dots ou boîtes quantiques en français). Le labo conjoint est élargi au delà du noyau dur du projet STAR, c’est une structure virtuelle (hors les murs) avec un projet de recherche conjoint qui implique 7 équipes françaises et 9 équipes coréennes et couvre une période de 4 ansLe programme STAR a un effet de levier sur la structuration de la coopération S&T. Il permet de créer des laboratoires conjoints. Issu d’un projet STAR entre H. Lim de l’Université Ajou et Le Si Dang du Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Physique (CNRS-Univ. Joseph Fourier) à Grenoble, mettant en jeu de nombreux partenaires dont le KIST. Le projet STAR portait à l’origine sur les nanostructures de semiconducteurs et les dispositifs physiques récents associés (quantum dots ou boîtes quantiques en français). Le labo conjoint est élargi au delà du noyau dur du projet STAR, c’est une structure virtuelle (hors les murs) avec un projet de recherche conjoint qui implique 7 équipes françaises et 9 équipes coréennes et couvre une période de 4 ans

57. On going issues Driven by a “bottom-up” approach Reform of CNRS is a key issue Cooperation F/K : Some specific tools (and fundings) dedicated to exchanges of talented people (juniors and seniors)

58. Thank you for your attention ! marianne.noel@diplomatie.gouv.fr www.ambafrance-kr.org