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Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding

Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding. Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound. A. According to orthographic criterion, compounds are written in three ways:

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Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding

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  1. Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding

  2. Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound

  3. A. According to orthographic criterion, compounds are written in three ways: 1) solid, such as bedtime 2)hyphenated, such as above-mentioned 3) open, such as reading material

  4. Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element. `old /friends `new /friends `pure /scientists

  5. Semantically, compounds can often be identified as “ having a meaning which may be related to but can not simply be inferred from the meaning of its parts. A darkroom is not just a room that is dark, rather a room used for photographic processing.

  6. 1. Noun Compounds

  7. In politics: a hot line: a telephone line for swift communication in emergencies between Moscow and Washington. (热线)

  8. hard-liner: a person following an uncompromising or extreme policy

  9. In economics: unit pricing: the pricing of a commodity expressed per unit of weight, volume,etc. (单价与兑价分标法) siege economics: extremely strict economical measures (极其严格的节约措施)

  10. In military fields: cruise missile: a low-flying subsonic guided missile (巡航导弹) laser bomb: bomb guided by laser 激光导弹 fox-bat (狐蝠式战斗机)

  11. In science and technology: black hole: a hypothetical celestial region formed from a collapsed star. (黑洞)

  12. biological clock: inherent mechanism that regulates cyclic physiological process in a living organism.(生物钟) strobe light: higher intensity flashing light频闪放电管

  13. In social life: identity crisis: a state of psychological confusion in one's personality.个性危机 group therapy: the treatment of a group of patients in regular sessions where problems are shared in group discussion: 小组疗法

  14. encounter group: a group of people who meet to develop understanding of others by honest exchange of feelings, opinions, etc.交朋友小组

  15. answering service: a commercial service that answers telephone calls for its clients.营利性的代客接听电话的服务处 shield law: a law that pretexts journalists from forced disclosure of confidential news sources.新闻来源保障法

  16. demand scheduling: flight scheduling on the part an airline according to the specific demand of a passenger. 按乘客要求安排航空旅行日程. silence vow: a vow to keep silence about something secret保守秘密誓词

  17. The analysis of the noun compound structures: 1. subject + predicate: heartbeat: The heart beats. revolving door: the door that revolves

  18. 2. predicate + object: pickpocket: to pick the pocket housekeeping: to keep the house

  19. 3. Verb + adverbial: There are five kinds in this type: a) a prepositional phrase used as an adverbial

  20. (a)The adverbial relation of place: diving board: diving from the board living room: live in a room waiting room: wait in a room (b)The instrumental relation of an adverbial: sewing machine: sew with a machine walking stick: walk with a machine

  21. 参见258

  22. 4. subject + object: steamboat: The steam powers the boat. honey bee: The bee produces honey

  23. 5. appositive: a peasant girl: a girl who is a peasant

  24. 2. Compound Adjectives: 1) the compound adjectives coming from adverbials: a: an off-the-cuff opinion 临时想起的意见 b: round-the-clock discussion 连续24小时的讨论会 c: on-the-spot observation

  25. d: the ahead-of-schedule general election 提前举行的大选 e: an off-camera announcer 影屏外的播音员 f: the first on-scene attempt to detect life on Mars 实景考察

  26. 2) the compound adjectives coming from the phrasal verbs: a: a back-up generator 备用发电机 b: a stand-up collar 竖领 c: a walk-in closet 人可以走进去的大壁橱 d: a see-through shirt 透明的衬衫

  27. 3) the compound adjectives coming from infinitive phrases: a: take-home pay b: a cross-border raid c: a keep-fit class（保健班）

  28. 4) compound adjectives coming from the compressed attributive clauses: a: an easy-to-paint portrait b: a difficult-to-operate machine c: hard-to-get-at volumes

  29. d: a can't-be-put-down book e: a never-to-be-forgotten event f: his higher-than-average wages

  30. The women have outgrown the jumping-onto-the-chair-at -the-sight-of -a-mouse era.

  31. 3: Compound Verbs: 1) The common way to form a compound verb is by means of back -formation. The back-formation is a process of word formation by which a word is created by dropping the supposed or imagined affixes:

  32. a: mass-produce: from mass production b: window-dress: from window-dressing布置橱窗 c: proof-read: from proof-reader d: air-condition: from air-conditioning

  33. e: edit: from editor f: automate; automation g: gloom: from goomy h: greed: from greedy I: to window-shop: from window-shopping: look at displays of goods in store windows without entering the stores to buy anything.

  34. j: baby-sit: from baby-sitting: care for children, usually during a short absence of the parents.

  35. 2) A compound verb can also be formed by means of analogy: a: chain-drink: from chain-smoke

  36. b: bottle-feed: feed from a bottle. from breast-feed: feed from a mother's breast

  37. From the stylistic point of view: 1. usu. used as colloquialisms: e.g. a: Don't nit-pick with me. ( find fault with me ) b: He sweet-talked her into not being so sore. ( coax by flattery )

  38. 2. usu. used in news reports: e.g. After leaving Washington he job-hopped, serving briefly as operating vice-president of the bank. (job-hop: change jobs frequently)

  39. 3. in advertisements: hand-wash: to wash by hand cold rinse: to rinse in the cold water warm iron: to iron with moderate heat

  40. Line dry （一晾就干） drip-dry（滴干；易快速晾干）

  41. From the viewpoint of communicative function and communicative value: 1) humorous: e.g. Leave all that out and remember only that Hugh Hefiner is a man who chain-drinks Pepsis.

  42. 2) terse: a: Cans are flash-cooked for six seconds rather than sterilised for 60 minutes. ( flash-cook: to cook by a very short exposure to intense heat ) b: So far I have press-shown 18 films. ( press-show: show to the press before public presentation )

  43. 3) vivid and impressive e.g. He announced a series of surprise summit meetings that will have him jet-hopping from island to island. ( jet-hop: travel from place to place by jetcraft )

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