Allies

1. Allies • Who were the allies?

2. Does this sound right? • “The enemy of my enemy is my friend” • During WWII, the USSR and the US were not necessarily “friends,” they were allies simply because they both were fighting against Germany.

3. It was the largest battle on the Eastern Front and was marked by brutality and disregard for military and civilian casualties. • It is among the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare, with the higher estimates of combined casualties amounting to nearly two million

4. Stalingrad • "We think of the great battle on the Volga without hatred or malice. However, we consider Stalingrad to be a lesson from the past which, unfortunately, must be remembered.     Should that war be recalled? Some think not, but I don't agree. That war must be recalled until the time when mankind will say: "we don't want war and will do everything possible to prevent it so that never again will there be war on this earth".There will be a day when we shall stop recalling the war and say: it was the last - not because we should like to believe it is so, but because we shall know it is so.

5. Stalingrad • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65_gyiVqeqo

6. What is democracy?

7. What is communism?

8. Communism v Democracy • Complete the worksheet using the information provided and your prior knowledge.

9. T-Chart • Make a T-Chart in your notebook. On one side write “Soviet Union” and on the other side write “United States”

10. Soviet Union • Vision • Stalin’s decisions were driven by security concerns. • Stalin wanted a buffer zone of friendly communist states to protect the Soviet Union. • Stalin claimed Eastern Europe as a Soviet sphere of influence.

11. United States • Vision • Truman wanted to allow Eastern European nations to determine their own form of government. • Truman believed that countries would choose democracy if given free choice.

12. USSR • Cost / Experiences of War • As many as 20 million Soviet citizens died in the war including, including 7 million soldiers • Soviets starved when the Nazis invaded, stripping the countryside and torching farms and villages. • The Nazis leveled several soviet cities, including Stalingrad and Kiev.

13. US • Cost / Experiences of War • About 290,000 U.S. soldiers died. Civilian casualties were limited to those who killed or wounded at Pearl Harbor. • No fighting took place on U.S. soil, no cities were bombed, and no farms or factories were destroyed. • The U.S. economy boomed during the war.

14. USSR • Ideologies • The Soviets believed in communism, which viewed capitalism as an unjust system. • Communism revolves around single – party rule of politics and government control of the economy. • The state owns most businesses and decides what will be produced.

15. US • Ideologies • The American system was based on a belief in democratic government and capitalist economics. • In capitalism, individuals and private businesses make most economic decisions • Most property, factories, and equipment are privately owned.

16. T-Chart • Make a T-Chart in your notebook. On one side write “Soviet Union” and on the other side write “United States” • Using your notes, summarize the differences between the two countries at the end of WWII.

17. The Cold War 1945—A critical year --Roosevelt believed at this point he could handle Stalin. --Churchill attempted to convince him otherwise.

18. --US harbored some resentment from the Soviet Union. --The wartime cooperation between the two was merely temporary. --As war ended tensions between Soviets and US/GB began increasing.

19. Differences at Yalta --1945 Big Three met in Yalta. --agree to split Germany into four occupied zones (GB,US,SU,French) --agree to let European countries hold their own elections --Disputes over the Pacific and most importantly—POLAND.

20. Yalta • However, the attitude of the conference was fairly friendly. • Roosevelt and Stalin had a good working relationship and Stalin trusted Roosevelt

21. The United Nations --Leaders did agree on creation of the UN. --purpose was to prevent all wars from starting, and end those that did break out.

22. Truman takes Command --2 weeks before UN’s 1st meeting Roosevelt dies. --Truman was ill prepared to be president of the US in this volatile time period.

23. Potsdam Conference July 45 Truman has 1st meeting w/ world leaders. --Churchill is also gone having lost the election in GB. (Attlee) --Stalin insisted on war payments by Germany—Truman wanted Polish elections.

24. Potsdam Conference • New leaders did NOT trust each other… • Stalin did not trust Truman because Truman mentioned the US had atomic energy, which scared Stalin • Truman did not trust Stalin because Stalin rigged elections in Poland towards communism • Their views differed in almost every way.

25. Stop and Think • With a partner, list the differences between the Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference. Include: • Who was involved • What changed?

26. Superpowers • Since Germany, France, and GB were weakened by WWII, that left SU and US to be in control of the world. • Hegemony • Nations forced to choose between the superpowers.

27. USSR --Soviets quickly gain control over nations that they had freed from Nazi control. --. Albania, Bulgaria, Czech, Hungary, Romania, and East Germany. Stalin insisted he did it because he needed buffer states so they would be safe. SATELLITE STATES

28. Iron Curtain • USSR “expansionist tendencies” led Churchill to state that “an iron curtain has descended across the continent.” • What does he mean by that?

29. Map Time! • Label the countries in Europe (USSR, Yugoslavia, Poland, Bulgaria, East & West Germany, Czechoslovakia, Albania, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Greece) • Draw a line where the Iron Curtain hung (use a book- page 497) • Color each side of the curtain a different color • Label the sides as “Communist” or “Democratic”

31. Warm Up! • 1. What happened at Potsdam to make Truman and Stalin not trust each other? • 2. Based on what we talked about yesterday, how is the USSR looking out for its own interests?

32. Arguments • Stalin: US is going to destroy the world because all capitalism does is compete. Thus, the world should turn to COMMUNISM.

33. Rebuttal- Long Telegram • George Kennan in the “Long Telegram”: Since the USSR wants to destroy the US, they must be CONTAINED. • This began the US’s new foreign policy

34. Truman Doctrine --Since 1945 the Soviets had been attempting to install communist regimes in Greece and Turkey. --1947—GB claims they can no longer aid Greece and Turkey.

37. Truman Doctrine and GREECE • Truman Doctrine- “support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.” • With US $ and aid, Greek government defeated communist rebels. The Truman Doctrine committed the US to a policy of containment.

38. Arms Race Begins • End of WWII brought a change to the way everyone viewed war. • US begins testing more nuclear energy in the Pacific at Bikini Atoll

39. Baruch Plan • US tried to get the UN to not let anyone sell or buy materials for nuclear energy, BUT said they should keep their stockpile • Turn to a partner: How do you think SU felt about this?

40. Marshall Plan • American policy makers were determined not to make the same mistakes as post WWI. US would help restore war torn nations so they may become stable democracies. --WWII brought devastation to Europe. --21million homeless

41. Marshall Plan • All the big nations in Europe were affected, some were turning to communism as a cure. US would not have that… --Marshall Plan called for nations of Europe to draw up a plan for recovery. --US would then finance the plan w/ $$$. --Plan was unveiled by Sec. of State George Marshall in 1947.

42. Recovery Plan --Plan hoped to stop communist regimes from springing up and promote democracy. --USSR referred to the plan as US buying its way into European affairs. --1948 Congress approves officially called European Recovery Program. • 17 nations joined, $13 billion in loans

43. Marshall Plan • Read and highlight the Marshall Plan reading. • Answer the questions at the end of the reading

44. COMECON • Stalin hated the Marshall Plan, and questioned Truman’s motives. • 1949- Stalin created the Molotov Plan—designed to fix the economies in Eastern Europe. To do this, it established COMECON, for trade between USSR and others in COMECOM. • State specialization and trade occurred.

45. Stop and Think • With a partner, describe the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. • How are they alike? • How are they different? • Which one is like the Molotov Plan?

46. By the 1950s… • The Cold War was intense! • The chess game was continuous: US tried to contain the SU, the SU continued to try to take countries.

47. Germany Map • On the flip side of your map of Europe is a map of Germany. • Label Berlin on the map and divide Germany into its occupation zones.

49. Berlin!!!!! • 1948, Britain, France, and US decided to reunite their 3 occupied zones to create a new country with a democratic government. • Many in the East tried to flee to the West • Stalin would not have this nonsense… so he began the Berlin Blockade

50. Berlin Blockade • What is a blockade? • Stalin did it in hopes of forcing the allies to give up their plan OR to give up Berlin (because it was an important city).