Chapters 18 and 19

1. Chapters 18 and 19 1. Dependent Clauses 1 = Adverbial Clauses Time, Cause, Condition, Place 2. Dependent Clauses 2 = Relative Clauses and Relative Pronouns 3. Dative with Adjectives

2. Types of Sentences • So far you have been reading simple or compound sentences in Latin • A simple sentence: • By Roman Hands #7: Cinis sum, cinis terra est, terra deaest, ergō ego mortua non sum Vocab: cinis, cineris, m.: ashes, ash mortuus, -a, -um: dead

3. …More on Sentences • Notice that each part of the epitaph could stand alone: • Cinis sum. • Cinis terra est. • Terra dea est. • Ergōego mortua non sum

4. . . . Multa • Likewise, we could string the same epitaph with conjunctions: • Cinissum etcinis terra estetterra deaestetergōego mortua non sum • This is called a COMPOUND SENTENCE!

5. Complex Sentences • Complex sentences are so called because they include • DEPENDENT CLAUSES, AKA SUBORDINATE CLAUSES • THESE NEW CLAUSES CANNOT STAND ALONE! • For Example: • “While Caesar was preparing the horses, the enemies attacked the camp.” • NOTE THAT: “While Caesar was preparing the horses” cannot stand alone as its own sentence!!!

6. Dependent/Subordinate Clauses • These new clauses DEPEND ON or ARE SUBORDINATED TO the so-called MAIN CLAUSE • Identify the MAIN and SUBORDINATE Clauses: • By Roman Hands #74: Dum vīxī, bibīlībenter. Bibitevōsquīvīvitis. Vocab: vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, victus: to live bibō, bibere, bibī, bibitus: to drink lībenter: freely quīvīvitis: “you who are alive” (MORE ON THIS LATER!!)

7. Cavēteistaverba! (Watch out for these words!) These words will be your CLUES or SIGN-POSTS for SUBORDINATE/DEPENDENT CLAUSES … MEMORIZE THEM! Nota bene: Although cum “when” looks like the preposition cum “with”, they are actually from two different Old Latin words which over time came to be spelled the same way (cum “when” = Old Latin QUOM; cum “with” = Old Latin COM).

8. Note that these new clauses answer the questions: “When?” “Why?” or “On what condition”, and are therefore called ADVERBIAL Some Examples Hominēs, dum docent, dīscunt (Seneca) = Time Clause . . . quiatēcontemplanstōtumdēficit (Aquinas) = Causal Clause Nam sīāmittī vita beātapotest, beātaessenōnpotest(Cicero) = Conditional Clause Vocab: tēcontemplanstotum: “all (neut. nom.) that contemplates you” dēficit: “fails” beāta: blessed

9. Dependent Clauses 2: Relative Clauses • Let’s take another look at our epitaph: • Dum vīxī, bibīlībenter. Bibitevōsquīvīvitis. Dum vīxī is a time clause quīvīvitis, however, is a relative clause that qualifies the subject vōs

10. Relative Clauses • vōsquīvīvitis. Means “You who are living” What part of speech does “who are living” stand in for? (Hint: these clauses are called, “adjectival”, as opposed to the adverbial ones you just learned)

11. These should be very familiar to you, since many are the same as the forms for the interrogative pronouns! Which forms do you recognize? Forming Relative Clauses • Just like causal, time, and conditional clauses, relative clauses have their own SIGN POSTS = Relative Pronouns Singular Plural

12. Notice that the relative pronoun will always have the same number and gender as the noun it modifies (= its antecedent, from ante + cēdō, to come before Relative Clauses: Clauses as Adjectives • Caesar quīestdux cōpiāsducit. • Fēminaequibuscumvēnistīmihinōnplacent. Notice that in these cases the relative clauses are essentially adjectives: they supply information about their associated noun. The ablatives of these forms will always form with cum in this way!

13. Relative Clauses as Nouns • We have seen that relative clauses can modify a noun, so it is no surprise that they can stand in for nouns as well • In the sentence: • Bonus bona facit Adjectives (bonus, bona) stand in for nouns

14. Relative Clauses as Nouns • Likewise, Seneca is able to say Quī hoc dicuntvidenturmihierrāre What is the subject of videntur?

15. Relative Clauses as Nouns • “Those who say this seem to me to wander” • The subject is simply the relative clause Quī hoc dicunt That is, the relative clause is acting like Bonus in “Bonus bona facit”: it simply stands in for a noun in the nominative!

16. More Relative Clauses as Nouns Try to pick out the relative clauses that stand in for nouns • By Roman Hands #77 and 85 • viātor, viātor, quod tūes, ego fuī; quod nunc sum, et tūeris • Quīlegishunctitulum, mortālemteesse memento Vocab: viātor, viātōris, m.: traveler titulus, -i, m.: inscription mortalemteessememento: remember that you are mortal

17. More Relative Clauses as Nouns • A final example: Quōsrēxnōnamat, nōnamāmus What part of speech is this relative clause standing in for (hint, what is the case of quōs?)

18. The Dative with Adjectives • Like English, Latin uses a dative to complete the sense of certain Adjectives • These are most often adjectives that “want” a “to” or “for” to come after them We say, “That is uncomfortable for me” or “He is unkind to her”

19. Try to translate some of the examples! Dative with Adjectives

20. Datives with Adjectives • The list is not exhaustive, but notice 3 things • The likelihood is that a form of “esse” will be involved 2) English often uses the same form of expression 3) Just like the Dative of Possession, you should train your eye to watch out for combinations of forms of “esse”, nouns in the dative, and adjectives!