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Understanding Systems: Types, Energy, Equilibrium, Feedback, and Transformations

This text explores various aspects of systems, focusing on their types, energy dynamics, equilibrium states, and feedback mechanisms. It reviews key concepts such as open, closed, and isolated systems, the laws of thermodynamics, and the significance of stable and unstable equilibria. The Gaia theory is discussed as an illustration of interconnectedness in Earth's systems. Additionally, it examines energy transfers and transformations, highlighting real-world examples and the role models play in representing complex systems.

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Understanding Systems: Types, Energy, Equilibrium, Feedback, and Transformations

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  1. Topic 1 - Systems IB Topics 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3

  2. Systems • A system is an assemblage of parts and the relationships between them that constitute a whole

  3. Examples:

  4. System Types • Open • Both matter and energy are exchanged across the boundaries of the system

  5. System Types • Closed • Energy is exchanged, but no matter is exchanged

  6. System Types • Isolated • No matter or energy is exchanged

  7. System Components • Systems consist of: • Storages • Of matter and energy • Flows • Inputs into, outputs out of the system • Processes • Transfer or transform energy or matter

  8. Gaia • Proposed by James Lovelock in the 1970s • Suggests that life on Earth helps to regulate Earth’s conditions • Ocean salinity • Global temp • Oxygen content

  9. Gaia Main Ideas • “Earth is a self-regulating superorganism” • “Living and non-living components work together” • “Everything on Earth is connected” • “Earth will continue after humans”

  10. Topic 1 - Energy IB Topic 1.1.4

  11. Energy • Energy exists in multiple forms: • Light • Chemical • Electrical • Heat

  12. 1st Law of Thermodynamics • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change forms

  13. 1st Law of Thermodynamics (related to ecosystems) • All the energy into a system must equal the energy stored plus energy lost

  14. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics • Energy goes from a concentrated form to a dispersed form • (Useable energy to non-useable energy)

  15. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics (related to ecosystems) • New energy needs to be added to the system

  16. Topic 1 - Equilibria IB Topic 1.1.5

  17. Equilibrium • Static Equilibrium • No input or outputs of matter or energy • No change in the system over time

  18. Equilibrium • Steady-State Equilibrium • Inputs and outputs of matter and energy • System remains stable over time

  19. Stable vs Unstable Equilibrium • Stable • Unstable

  20. Topic 1 - Feedback IB Topic 1.1.6

  21. Feedback • Positive Feedback • A change in the system leads to increased change • The system goes away from equilibrium • Negative Feedback • Changes in the system lead to stability • The system maintains equilibrium

  22. Examples: • Global warming causes methane release from permafrost

  23. Examples: • Global warming causes ice to melt and water absorbs sunlight

  24. Examples: • Lynx – Hare population

  25. Examples: • Increased CO2 increases photosynthesis

  26. Topic 1 – Transfers and Transformations IB Topic 1.1.7

  27. Transformations • The change of energy or matter to a new product • Involve a change of state

  28. Transfers • Energy and matter move through a system without changing state • Usually involve a change in location

  29. Topic 1 – Flows & Storages IB Topic 1.1.8

  30. Flows • Inputs and Outputs • Energy and matter moving from one place to another

  31. Storages (stocks) • Matter and energy is stored in stocks or reservoirs

  32. Topic 1 - Models IB Topic 1.1.10

  33. Models • A model can be any representation of a real system. • Ex: • Aquarium • Diagram • Computer Model

  34. Example: • Make a model with the following terms: • Forest floor • People • Trees • Animals • Forest Plants • Soil

  35. Models • Advantages • Disadvantages

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