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Irony is a powerful literary device that creates contrast between expectation and reality. Situational irony occurs when the outcome differs from what characters and the audience anticipate, as seen in stories like "The Gift of the Magi," where sacrifices lead to unexpected results. Verbal irony involves characters saying one thing but meaning another, often seen in sarcasm. Dramatic irony occurs when the audience knows something the characters do not, creating tension and engagement, as in horror films. Mastering these types of irony enhances storytelling and audience connection.
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Situational The audience and characters expect one outcome but something else occurs. The outcome is not what is expected. Think surprise endings.
Examples • The Gift of the Magi • Wife sells her hair to buy her husband a watch chain. • Husband sells his watch to buy his wife expensive hair combs. • The characters don’t know what each one is doing to get a gift and the audience doesn’t know until the characters know. • We all expect them to have gifts they can use.
Verbal Irony • Verbal irony – A character says one thing but means another. Think sarcasm. • “Lovely weather we’re having isn’t it?” As it pours down rain outside.
Dramatic Irony • Dramatic irony – The audience knows what’s happening but the characters don’t. Think scary movies.
Example • The most obvious example of this is when the young lady in the slasher flick doesn’t realize that the guy in the hockey mask with the meat cleaver is hiding behind the hot tub—but we do.
