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The United States in World War II. Escalating Tensions with Germany. 1939 US to sell weapons to Euro democracies – Cash & Carry FDR’s “ Arsenal for Democracy ” speech FDR agrees to the Destroyers for Bases Deal w/Britain
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Escalating Tensions with Germany 1939 US to sell weapons to Euro democracies – Cash & Carry • FDR’s “Arsenal for Democracy” speech • FDR agrees to the Destroyers for Bases Deal w/Britain • Fresh off reelection, FDR makes his Four Freedom’s Speech to Congress asking for more aid for the British • Lend-Lease Act authorized FDR to give all military supplies to any nation vital to the defense of the US, regardless of payment • In response to German aggression, FDR proclaims “Shoot- on-sight” orders to US ships
Escalating Tensions with Germany August 1941 – Atlantic Charter • FDR & Churchill secretly meet off Newfoundland • Met to establish a plan for post-war peace • Allies not fighting for territorial changes • Called for “a permanent system of general security” (UN) *Very similar to Wilson’s 14 Points, stated what Allies were fighting for in WWII. President Roosevelt & PM Churchill The Atlantic Charter was negotiated aboard the USS Augusta.
Escalating Tensions with Japan • US condemns Japanese invasion of China (*FDR makes “Quarantine Speech”) July US declares an embargo on Japan • after its occupation of Indochina (Embargo to include aviation fuel, scrap iron, and steel) Sep Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Germany & Italy • FDR moves Pacific Fleet to Pearl Harbor July Japan occupies southern Indochina, US freezes assets and cuts off oil & access to Panama Canal *During negotiations, US demands that Japan withdraw from Indochina & China, withdraw from Tripartite Pact, and promise not to attack in Pacific in exchange for improved eco relations – no deal. Oct General Hideki Tojo becomes PM, secretly decides that if no deal is reached by Nov 25, Japan to attack.
U.S. Declares War! On December 8, 1941, the US declares war on the Empire of Japan. Three days later, Germany and Italy declare war on the US. The US and Britain pledge themselves to the principles in the Atlantic Charter and agree on a “Germany First” strategy.
Home Front USA Economic Mobilization: • War Mobilization Board created to regulate use of raw materials. • Office of Price Administration begins extensive rationing program. • Smith-Connolly Antistrike Act empowered the govt to seize factories idled by strike. • Office of Scientific Research and Development led to numerous advances with civilian applications – including the Manhattan Project. Women: • Approximately 350,000 women served in uniform. • More than 5 million joined the work force. “Rosie the Riveter” • Women’s wages helped to swell family incomes and pave the way for post war consumer demand.
African Americans & Civil Rights during WWII • Great Migration II creates tension. • Race riots break out in 47 cities . • A. Phillip Randolph emerges as an early civil rights leader • Threatens FDR with a march on Washington, demands • Equal access to defense jobs • Desegregation of the military • End to segregation in fed govt *FDR agrees to investigate #1 NAACP membership grows from 50,000 in 1940 to 500,000 in 1945. • Almost 1 million African Americans serve in segregated units during WWII A. Phillip Randolph & First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt
Mexican Americans During WWII Bracero Program Demand for ag workers during the war led to a new US policy of short-term work permits issued to Mexican migrant workers. Zoot Suit Riots Young Latino men were often targeted in LA by white military personnel.
Korematsu v. US Facts of the Case During World War II, Presidential Executive Order 9066 and congressional statutes gave the military authority to exclude citizens of Japanese Ancestry from areas deemed critical to national defense and potentially vulnerable to espionage. Korematsu remained in San Leandro, California and violated Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 of the U.S. Army. The Court sided with the government and held that the need to protect Against espionage outweighed Korematsu's rights. The Court argued that compulsory exclusion, though constitutionally suspect, is Justified During circumstances of "emergency and peril." Fred Korematsu
Important Early Events in the Pacific Theater April 1942 – Doolittle Raid on Tokyo May 1942 – Fall of Corregidor & Bataan Death March May 1942 – Battle of the Coral Sea June 1942 – Battle of Midway *Turning point of the war. Aug 1942 – Battle for Guadalcanal begins Nov 1943 – Battle for Tarawa commences Island Hopping Strategy
Top US Commanders in the Pacific From left to right: General Douglass MacArthur, President Roosevelt, and Admiral Chester Nimitz
End Game in the Pacific Oct 1944 – Sep 1945 Campaign for the Philippines Feb 1945 Iwo Jima April – June 1945 Battle for Okinawa Aug 6, 1945 Atomic Bomb dropped on Hiroshima (Aug 9 second bomb on Nagasaki) Sep 2, 1945 Japanese surrender
Important Early Events in Europe 1941-43 Battle for the Atlantic June 1942 US strategic bombing campaign begins Nov 1942 Operation Torch - American landings in North Africa July 1943 Operation Husky – American invasion of Sicily Sep 1943 Allied campaign for Italy begins. (German forces will still be fighting when the war ends in 1945.)
Top American Commanders in Europe Supreme Allied Commander Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower Gen. Omar Bradley Gen. George S. Patton
End Game in Europe June 6, 1944 – Operation Overlord D-Day landings at Normandy France Aug 1944 – Paris is liberated Dec 1944 – Jan 1945 Battle of the Bulge April 1945 – Allied & Soviet forces link up in Germany April – May 1945 Battle for Berlin May 7, 1945 Germany Surrenders
War Time Conferences Tehran – Nov 1943 British & Americans to invade France in the spring of 1944. Soviets to eventually join campaign against Japan. Yalta – Feb 1945 Post-war planning. Germany to be divided into zones of occupation. Free elections in E. Europe. Soviets to enter war against Japan. United Nations to be created. Potsdam – July 1945 Demand unconditional surrender from Japan. War crime trials for Nazis. US reveals atomic bomb.
