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The Central Nervous System

Dive into the intricacies of the central nervous system, focusing on neurons, neurotransmitters, and the effects of various drugs on the CNS. Explore the functions, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic uses of different substances affecting the CNS.

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The Central Nervous System

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  1. The Central Nervous System

  2. Neuron • The basic functional unit of the CNS • Exhibits excitability • Exhibits conductivity

  3. Synapse • The microscopic gap separating neurons

  4. Neurotransmitters • A chemical substance capable of transmitting an impulse across the synaptic cleft • Contained in small sacs called vesicles

  5. Variety of neurotransmitters • Cause acute CNS reaction • Small molecule • Rapidly acting Which are these?

  6. ANSWERS: • Acetylcholine • Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin • Asparate, Gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA), Glutamate, Glycine

  7. Variety of neurotransmitters: • Causes prolonged CNS reactions • Large molecule • Slow acting Which are these?

  8. Answers: • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) • Insulin

  9. Factors: • Synaptic fatigue • Upregulation • Downregulation

  10. Dysfunction • Excessive stimulation: 1. Muscle cramps 2. Convulsions 3. Psychotic symptoms 4. Hallucinations 5. Tension

  11. And........ • Depression results in: 1. Decreased levels of consciousness 2. Respiratory depression

  12. Narcotics and Analgesics • Mechanism of action: Bind to opiod receptors on cell membranes of specific neurons in the brain resulting in decreased pain

  13. Analgesics & Antipyretics • Mechanism of action: Inactivates cyclooxegenayse which prevents prostaglandin formation

  14. Sedatives & Hypnotics • Barbiturates • Benzodiazepines • Nonbarbiturates & Nonbenzodiazepines

  15. Barbiturates Inhibits function of nerve cells Benzodiazepines Bind with receptors to increase the effects of GABA Mechanism of Action

  16. Antianxiety Drugs • Benzodiazepines are the most common • Mechanism of action: Facilitate the inhibitory effects of GABA

  17. Antidepressant Drugs • Types of drugs: 1. Tricyclic antidepressants 2. SSRI 3. MAOI

  18. Mechanism of Action • Increases the amount of neurotransmitters (serotonin & epinephrine)

  19. Antipsychotics • Treats psychotic processes • Mechanism of action: Decreases the effects of Dopamine by occupying receptor sites

  20. Anticonvulsants • Treats seizure disorders • Mechanism of action is unclear May: 1. Decreases neuronal excitability 2. Prevents spread of impulses

  21. Alcohol • Depresses the CNS • Rapidly absorbed from the stomach and small intestines • Quickly distributed to all body tissues

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