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Biology StaAr review- CATEGORY 1

Biology StaAr review- CATEGORY 1. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific functions and that viruses are different from cells. The student is expected to:. Cells. Cell theory - 3 parts

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Biology StaAr review- CATEGORY 1

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  1. Biology StaAr review- CATEGORY 1

  2. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific functions and that viruses are different from cells. The student is expected to:

  3. Cells • Cell theory - 3 parts 1) cells are basic unit of life 2) cells come from existing cells 3) all organisms are composed of cells

  4. (B) investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules; Provides a selectively permeable barrier around the cell Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell. Maintains homeostasis for the cell.

  5. Osmosis • Cells will shrivel when put into a solution with MORE SOLUTE. Ex. salt water (Hypertonic) • If solute concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane, the cell does not change. (Isotonic) • Cells will swell or burst when put into a solution with LESS SOLUTE Ex. Fresh water (Hypotonic)

  6. PASSIVE Does NOT require energy Goes with the concentration gradient (high to low) Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion ACTIVE Requires energy from ATP Goes against the concentration gradient (low to high) Active Transport, Endocytosis, Exocytosis

  7. (C) compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza. Living prokaryote Non –living – not made of cells must reproduce in host cell

  8. Lytic Pathway - rapid replication of the virus, ending in cell lysis (or death). More viruses are released to infect other cells Lysogenic pathway The virus stays within the cell until certain environmental triggers cause it to enter the lytic cycle.

  9. What is a vaccine • A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. • A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe.

  10. (5) Science concepts. The student knows how an organism grows and the importance of cell differentiation.

  11. Cell cycle During the cell cycle, cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells , each which begins the cycle again.

  12. Cell cycle components New DNA is formed during 3 phases: G1 – 1st period of growth 1. Increase in size. 2. Makes new proteins and organelles. S1 – DNA is synthesized or replicated 1. Chromosomes are replicated. 2. New DNA molecules are synthesized. G2 – final cell growth 1. Shortest phase 2. Prepares cell for mitosis 4 phases: (PMAT) Mitosis • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telephase Interphase Cell division

  13. Chromosome numbers that result from Mitosis & meiosis • MITOSIS produces 2 identical diploid (2N) cells • MEIOSIS produces 4 different haploid (N) cells (GAMETES)

  14. Interruptions in the cell cycle can lead to….. CANcer Causes of cancer • smoking tobacco • Radiation exposure • Viral infection

  15. Roles of DNA • DNA determines an organism’s traits by controlling the manufacturing of proteins. • The sequencing of nucleotides forms unique genetic information.

  16. (9) Science concepts. The student knows the significance of various molecules involved in metabolic processes and energy conversions that occur in living organisms.

  17. Carbohydrates COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE C, H, O FUNCTION MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY TYPE/EXAMPLES GLUCOSE, GLYCOGN, FRUCTOSE, CELLULOSE, POLYSACCHARIDES, MONOSACCHARIDS, STARCH

  18. Lipids COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE C,H,O ONE GLYCEROL & 3 FATTY ACIDS FUNCTION STORES ENERGY MAIN COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANE WATERPROOF COVERING TYPE/EXAMPLES FATS, OILS, POLYUNSATURATED

  19. Protein COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE C, H, O, N LONG CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS FUNCTION BUILD MUSCLES, CELL MEMBRANES TYPE/EXAMPLES ENZYMES

  20. Nucleic Acid COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE C, H, O, N, & P FUNCTION STORE & TRANSMIT GENETIC INFO TYPE/EXAMPLES DNA, RNA, NUCLEOTIDES

  21. Monomers that make up Polymers • Large organic molecules are created by the process of POLYMERIZATION. Mono=1 poly=many

  22. Photosynthesis vs. Cellular respiration Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

  23. Role of enzymes Factors that affect enzymes • Lower activation energy • Speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. • Make materials cells need • Releasing energy • Temperature • PH • Salt

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