1-1

1. Cultural Encounters 1-1 Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement I. Reading aloud Reading aloud Read the following sentences aloud, paying special attention to intonation. The sign / indicates a division of tone units. Audiovisual supplements • Everyone, it seems, / provided, of course, they can afford to do so, / need never be out of touch. / • ... and for many people, / learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success. /

2. Cultural Encounters 1-2.1 Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement II. Audiovisual supplements Watch the film episode and then answer the following questions. Reading aloud Audiovisual supplements Film Episode: You’ve Got Mail Questions: 1. What did Joe tell Kathleen, a friend whom he had never met? 2. Have you got an urge to tell your secret to someone you’ve never met in your daily life? If so, how do you justify your motivation? Answers for reference: 1. He told her about his hobbies and feelings about expecting her mail. 2. Open Answer.

3. Cultural Encounters 1-2.2 Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement You’ve got mail. Brinkley is my dog. He loves the streets of New York as much as I do. Although he likes to eat bits of pizza and bagel off the sidewalk, and I prefer to buy them. Brinkley is a great catcher and was offered a tryout on the Mets farm team but he chose to stay with me so that he could spend 18 hours a day sleeping on a large green pillow the size of an inner tube. Don’t you love New York in the fall? It makes me want to buy school supplies. I would send you a bouquet of newly-sharpened pencils if I knew your name and address. On the other hand, this not knowing has its charms. COMPUTER: KATHLEEN: JOE: Reading aloud Audiovisual supplements

4. Cultural Encounters 1-2.2 Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Reading aloud Audiovisual supplements ■

5. Cultural Encounters 2-1 Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement I. Text introduction This text, an argumentative essay, may be divided into three major parts. The first part, illustrates that the great global communications revolution is linked to the expansion of English, which has now become the leading international language. The second part, proves that, because languages are so culture-related, we often find that what we can say in one language cannot be expressed at all in another, and that translators, faced with insurmountable linguistic problems, negotiated the boundaries between languages and came up with a compromise. The last part briefly points out the immense function or great significance of intercultural understanding. Text introduction Structural analysis Cultural background

6. Cultural Encounters 2-2 Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement II. Structural analysis Text introduction our easy access to the world and the communications revolution Paragraphs 1-3 — Structural analysis Cultural background human being’s inability in their expressions and the translators’ work Paragraphs 4-7 — Paragraph 8 — immense function or great significance of intercultural understanding

7. Cultural Encounters 2-3 Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement III. Cultural background Cyberlove Affects “Real” Relationships Text introduction According to psychology doctoral student Heather Underwood, today Internet romances are considered just as significant to some people as their “real” relationships. Structural analysis Cultural background “Some people are becoming concerned that their Internet relationship is affecting their primary relationship with their partners in real life. Balancing the demands of both relationships may prove to be complicated,” she explained.

8. Cultural Encounters 2-4 Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Some data indicate that 74 per cent of people who have romantic Internet relationships are employed full-time. Two-thirds of the participants are male, mostly married and with children. Survey results show that Internet relationships quickly become very intimate, with participants engaging in high levels of self-disclosure about their problems and discussion of sexual preferences. Other key findings suggest that 70 per cent concealed the extent of their online activities from their “real life” partners. While 50 per cent of respondents agreed that their activities had significantly damaged their real relationships, 34 per cent reported that the Internet liaison had improved their real relationships. Text analysis Structural analysis Cultural background

9. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-S Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Cultural Encounters Susan Bassnett We live in an age of easy access to the rest of the world. Cheap flights mean that millions of people are able to visit places their parents could only dream about, while the Internet enables us to communicate with the remotest places and the traditional postal services are now referred to almost mockingly as “snail mail.” When students go off back-packing, they can email their parents from Internet cafes in the Himalayas or from a desert oasis. And as for mobile phones — the clicking of text messaging at any hour of the day or night has become familiar to us all. Everyone, it seems, provided, of course, they can afford to do so, need never be out of touch.

10. Cultural Encounters 3.text2-S Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Significantly also, this great global communications revolution is also linked to the expansion of English, which has now become the leading international language. Conferences and business meetings around the globe are held in English, regardless of whether anyone present is a native English speaker. English has simply become the language that facilitates communication, and for many people learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success. So why, you may wonder, would anyone have misgivings about all these wonderful developments, and why does the rise of English as a global language cause feelings of uneasiness for some of us? For there are indeed problems with the communications revolution, problems that are not only economic. Most fundamental is the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of society and one that we overlook at our peril.

11. Cultural Encounters 3.text3-S Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Different cultures are not simply groups of people who label the world differently; languages give us the means to shape our views of the world and languages are different from one another. We express what we see and feel through language, and because languages are so clearly culture-related, often we find that what we can say in one language cannot be expressed at all in another. The English word “homesickness” translates into Italian as “nostalgia,” but English has had to borrow that same word to describe a different state of mind, something that is not quite homesickness and involves a kind of longing. Homesickness and nostalgia put together are almost, but not quite, the Portuguese “saudade,” an untranslatable word that describes a state of mind that is not despair, angst English borrowed that from German, sadness or regret, but hovers somewhere in and around all those words.

12. Cultural Encounters 3.text4-S Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement The early Bible translators hit the problem of untranslatability head-on. How do you translate the image of the Lamb of God for a culture in which sheep do not exist? What exactly was the fruit that Eve picked in the Garden of Eden? What was the creature that swallowed Jonah, given that whales are not given to swimming in warm, southern seas? Faced with unsurmountable linguistic problems, translators negotiated the boundaries between languages and came up with a compromise.

13. Cultural Encounters 3.text5-S Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Compromising is something that speakers of more than one language understand. When there are no words in another language for what you want to say, you make adjustments and try to approximate. English and Welsh speakers make adjustments regarding the color spectrum in the grey / green / blue / brown range, since English has four words and Welsh has three. And even where words do exist, compromises still need to be made. The word “democracy” means completely different things in different contexts, and even a word like “bread” which refers to a staple food item made of flour means totally different things to different people. The flat breads of Central Asia are a long way away from Mother’s Pride white sliced toasties, yet the word “bread” has to serve for both.

14. Cultural Encounters 3.text6-S Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Inevitably, the spread of English means that millions of people are adding another language to their own and are learning how to negotiate cultural and linguistic differences. This is an essential skill in today’s hybrid world, particularly now when the need for international understanding has rarely been so important. But even as more people become multilingual, so native English speakers are losing out, for they are becoming ever more monolingual, and hence increasingly unaware of the differences between cultures that languages reveal. Communicating in another language involves not only linguistic skills, but the ability to think differently, to enter into another culture’s mentality and shape language accordingly. Millions of people are discovering how to bridge cultures, while the English speaking world becomes ever more complacent and cuts down on foreign language learning programs in the mistaken belief that it is enough to know English.

15. Cultural Encounters 3.text7-S Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement World peace in the future depends on intercultural understanding. Those best placed to help that process may not be the ones with the latest technology and state of the art mobile phones, but those with the skills to understand what lies in, under and beyond the words spoken in many different languages.

16. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Cultural Encounters Susan Bassnett We live in an age of easy access to the rest of the world. Cheap flights mean that millions of people are able to visit places their parents could only dream about, while the Internet enables us to communicate with the remotest places and the traditional postal services are now referred to almost mockingly as “snail mail.” When students go offback-packing, they can email their parents from Internet cafes in the Himalayas or from a desert oasis. And as for mobile phones — the clicking of text messaging at any hour of the day or night has become familiar to us all. Everyone, it seems, provided, of course, they can afford to do so, need never be out of touch.

17. Cultural Encounters 3.text2-W Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Significantly also, this great global communications revolution is also linked to the expansion of English, which has now become the leading international language. Conferences and business meetings around the globe are held in English, regardlessof whether anyone present is a native English speaker. English has simply become the language that facilitates communication, and for many people learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success. So why, you may wonder, would anyone have misgivings about all these wonderful developments, and why does the rise of English as a global language cause feelings of uneasiness for some of us? For there are indeed problems with the communications revolution, problems that are not only economic. Most fundamental is the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of society and one that we overlook at our peril.

18. Cultural Encounters 3.text3-W Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Different cultures are not simply groups of people who label the world differently; languages give us the means to shape our views of the world and languages are different from one another. We express what we see and feel through language, and because languages are so clearly culture-related, often we find that what we can say in one language cannot be expressed at all in another. The English word “homesickness” translates into Italian as “nostalgia,” but English has had to borrow that same word to describe a different state of mind, something that is not quite homesickness and involves a kind of longing. Homesickness and nostalgia put together are almost, but not quite, the Portuguese “saudade,” an untranslatable word that describes a state of mind that is not despair, angst English borrowed that from German, sadness or regret, but hovers somewhere in and around all those words.

19. Cultural Encounters 3.text4-W Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement The early Bible translators hit the problem of untranslatability head-on. How do you translate the image of the Lamb of God for a culture in which sheep do not exist? What exactly was the fruit that Eve picked in the Garden of Eden? What was the creature that swallowed Jonah, given that whales are not given to swimming in warm, southern seas? Faced with unsurmountable linguistic problems, translators negotiated the boundaries between languages and came up with a compromise.

20. Cultural Encounters 3.text5-W Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Compromising is something that speakers of more than one language understand. When there are no words in another language for what you want to say, you make adjustments and try to approximate. English and Welsh speakers make adjustments regarding the color spectrum in the grey / green / blue / brown range, since English has four words and Welsh has three. And even where words do exist, compromises still need to be made. The word “democracy” means completely different things in different contexts, and even a word like “bread” which refers to a staple food item made of flour means totally different things to different people. The flat breads of Central Asia are a long way away from Mother’s Pride white sliced toasties, yet the word “bread” has to serve for both.

21. Cultural Encounters 3.text6-W Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Inevitably, the spread of English means that millions of people are adding another language to their own and are learning how to negotiate cultural and linguistic differences. This is an essential skill in today’s hybrid world, particularly now when the need for international understanding has rarely been so important. But even as more people become multilingual, so native English speakers are losing out, for they are becoming ever more monolingual, and hence increasingly unaware of the differences between cultures that languages reveal. Communicating in another language involves not only linguistic skills, but the ability to think differently, to enter into another culture’s mentality and shape language accordingly. Millions of people are discovering how to bridge cultures, while the English speaking world becomes ever more complacent and cuts down on foreign language learning programs in the mistaken belief that it is enough to know English.

22. Cultural Encounters 3.text5-S Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement World peace in the future depends on intercultural understanding. Those best placed to help that process may not be the ones with the latest technology and state of the art mobile phones, but those with the skills to understand what lies in, under and beyond the words spoken in many different languages.

23. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-S-for Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement …for many people learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success. Paraphrase: ... for many people the acquisition of English is basically a spring board towards their lifetime achievements. ……很多人学习英语就是把英语当作成功路上的垫脚石。 Explanation: A stepping stone is something that helps you to progress towards achieving something.

24. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-S-most… Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Most fundamental is the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of society and one that we overlook at our peril. Paraphrase: The relationship between language and culture is an essential part of society and one that it is dangerous if we ignore. 最为基础的一点就是语言和文化存在深刻的关系，这种关系存在于社会的核心部分，如果我们忽视这一点，就会大难临头。 Explanation: do something at one’s peril: used to say that what someone is intending to do is dangerous or may cause them problems e.g. You ignore this warning at your peril. e.g. You take traffic signals lightly at your peril.

25. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-S-languages … Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement …languages are so clearly culture-related. Paraphrase: ... languages are so clearly connected with a specific civilization of the state of cultural development of a particular people. ……很明显，语言与文化密不可分。

26. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-S-given… Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement …given that whales are not given to swimming in warm, southern seas? Paraphrase: ... considering the fact that whales are not likely to swim in warm, southern seas? ……不要忘记，在温暖的南方海洋中是没有鲸鱼的？ Explanation: given (that): taking something into account Practice: Translate the following sentence into English: 如果有机会，我就到纽约来看你。 I’d come and see you in New York, given the chance.

27. Cultural Encounters 3.text2-S- translators… Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement …translators negotiated the boundaries between languages and came up with a compromise. Paraphrase: ... translators managed to deal with the differences between languages and thought of a version that was similar to the original in spirit. ……译者通过对不同语言的处理，最终达到一个平衡点。

28. Cultural Encounters 3.text2-S_translator2… Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Explanation: When they were faced with problems of language that could not be overcome, translators got over or transcended language barriers and solved linguistic problems by using words and phrases or sentences that reproduced the original meaning flexibly instead of distorting it and that were acceptable to the source language readers. / When they encountered language problems which could not be satisfactorily solved, translators conquered linguistic problems by making adjustments and attempting to approximate in the light of the different cultures involved.

29. Cultural Encounters 3.text3-S_to enter… Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement …to enter into another culture’s mentality and shape language accordingly. Paraphrase: ... to understand another nation’s particular way of thinking and use language appropriately. ……需要融入到另一种文化的思维习惯之中，恰当地遣词造句。 Explanation： Conveying or exchanging ideas, feelings, or information in another language requires or calls for not only linguistic skills, but also the ability to think in a different way, to share another culture’s customary ways of thinking and employ language appropriately and idiomatically.

30. Cultural Encounters 3.text3-S_understand… Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement …understand what lies in, under and beyond the words spoken in many different languages. Paraphrase: ... understand the basic, the implied and the cultural meaning of each word spoken in many different languages. ……既要懂得字面意思，又要明白其深层含义，还要了解言外之意。 Explanation: Those who are most able to contribute to that process of world peace probably are not the ones who have grasped the latest technology or the ones who are most skilful at using mobile phones, but those who have acquired the skills to understand the literal, implied, figurative, or cultural meanings of the words spoken in many different languages.

31. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-S-access1 Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement access n. 1) the possibility or means of entering or approaching a place 2) the right to use something, see someone, etc. e.g. There is no access to the street through that door. e.g. Access to the papers is restricted to senior management. Collocation: access to easy access Derivation: accessible adj. accessibility n.

32. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-s-access2 Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Practice: Translate the following sentences into English: 1）学生放假时也可以去图书馆。 2） 猫要喝干净新鲜的水。 Students have access to the library during the vacation, too. Cats should always have access to fresh, clean water.

33. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-remote1 Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement remote adj. 1) far away in space or time 2) not close; widely separated from 3) if a chance or possibility of something happening is remote, it is not very likely to happen 4) (especially British English) used to emphasize that you do not know something, are not interested in something, do not intend to do something, etc. e.g. She lived in a remote village. e.g. His stories are too remote from everyday life. e.g. The prospect of peace seems remote. e.g. He hasn’t the remotest interest in sport.

34. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-s-remote2 Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Derivation: remoteness n. Comparison: distant, far, far-off distant: far away in space or time far: a long distance away far-off: a long way from where you are or a long time ago Practice: Translate the following sentences into English: 1）人类十年内在火星着陆的可能性极小。 2） 我完全不懂你的意思。 There is only a remote possibility that human beings can land on the Mars in a decade. I have not the remotest the idea of / about what you mean.

35. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-mockingly Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement mockinglyadv. in a way in which somebody or something is made fun of e.g. His shabby house is mockingly named as “villa.” Derivation: mock v. mock n. mocking adj.

36. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-snail Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement snail mail The increasing popularity of the Internet has brought a great deal of slang created and used by computer users. Slang terms include cyber- (dealing with computers and the Internet), snail mail (written messages delivered by the postal service), hacker (an expert computer programmer perhaps involved in illegal activities), flaming (a hostile response from a user), and spamming (sending numerous unsolicited messages to users).

37. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-go off Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement go off 1) to leave a place, especially in order to do something 2) to explode or fire 3) (British English) if food goes off, it becomes too bad to eat 4) to happen in a particular way e.g. Tom planned to go off hiking with friends. e.g. The signal pistol went off with a bang. e.g. This steak has gone off. e.g. The interview went off very badly.

38. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-go off2 Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Comparison: call off, write off , put off call off: write off: put off: to decide that a planned event will not take place to officially say that a debt no longer has to be paid, or officially accept that you cannot get back money you have spent or lost to delay doing something or to arrange to do something at a later time or date Practice: Fill in the blanks with call, write or put in their proper forms: put 1) Don’t off until tomorrow what can be done today. ___ 2) The UN has off 35 billion dollars of the debt of the poor countries. written ________ 3) Due to the rain, the meeting was off. called _______

39. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-back packing Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement back-packing It is one of the most popular types of hiking. People carry food, clothing, and other items on their backs. Backpackers can spend many days in remote areas where supplies are unavailable.

40. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-Internet cafes Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Internet cafes To ensure more equal access to the Net, many public libraries and schools provide Internet-capable computers for individual use. In many cities around the world, establishments known as Internet cafes offer people the use of Internet-ready computers for a fee based on time of use. Such establishments are especially popular in areas of the world where many people do not have computers or even telephones.

41. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-the Himalayas Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement the Himalayas It is the highest mountain system in the world. The name Himalayas means the House of Snow, or the Snowy Range, in Sanskrit. The Himalayas consists of several parallel mountain ranges.

42. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-oasis Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement oasis n. 1) a place with water and trees in a desert 2) a peaceful or pleasant place that is very different from everything around it e.g. The park was an oasis of peace.

43. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-messaging Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement messaging a system for sending messages to people, for example, by computer, telephone, or pager

44. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-afford Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement afford 1) to have enough money to buy or pay for something 2) to have enough time to do something; if you cannot afford to do something, you must not do it because it could cause serious problems for you 3) (formal) to provide something or allow something to happen e.g. Thanks to the success of the business, we can afford a holiday overseas this year. e.g. We can’t afford to lose such an important member of the staff. e.g. I can’t afford three weeks away from my project. Collocation: afford to do something

45. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-afford2 Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Derivation: affordable adj. Practice: Translate the following sentences into English: 1） 这笔买卖让他赚了一大笔钱。 2） 他告诉我公司无法支付如此巨额的工资。 The transaction afforded him a good profit. He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.

46. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-out of touch Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement out of touch having no contact with e.g. I’d like to go back to teaching, but I am out of touch with my subject now. e.g. I am out of touch with my high school classmates now. Collocation: be in touch lose touch with

47. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-global Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement global adj. affecting or including the whole world e.g. Global climatic changes may have been responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs. e.g. Some TV stations have a global audience. Collocation: global villageglobal warming Derivation: globe n. globally adv. Practice: Translate the following sentence into English: 成为百万富翁之后，约翰决定作一次环绕世界一周的不着陆的飞行。 Having been a millionaire, John made up his mind to take a nonstop global flight.

48. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-conference Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement conference n. 1) a large formal meeting where a lot of people discuss important matters such as business, politics, or science, especially for several days e.g. My boss attended a conference on plastics last weekend. e.g. The manager cannot see you now; she is in conference. 2) a private meeting for a few people to have formal discussions e.g. The teacher had a conference with each student during the term. Collocation: be in conference hold a conference an annual conference a roundtable conference

49. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-conference2 Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement Collocation: a joint conference a press conference a summit conference an emergency conference Derivation: confer v. Practice: Translate the following sentences into English: 1)国际经济问题会议在日内瓦召开。 2)史密斯先生正在和他的顾问们协商。 The conference on international economic problems was held in Geneva. Mr. Smith is in conference with his advisers.

50. Cultural Encounters 3.text1-W-regardless of Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Three: Detailed Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities Section Five: Further Enhancement regardless of without being affected by different situations, problems, etc. e.g. Regardless of the danger, he climbed the tower. e.g. I bought the book, regardless of its cost. Comparison: notwithstanding, despite Notwithstanding means in spite of something. Despite is used to say that something happens or is true even though something else might have prevented it. e.g. The teams played on, notwithstanding the rain. (prep.) e.g. We proceeded, notwithstanding. (adv.)