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Systemic Linguistics: Core Linguistics

Systemic Linguistics: Core Linguistics. words are signs signifier = form = morphology (phonology) signified = meaning = semantics (pragmatics) combination of words = sentence structure = syntax. Morphology: language types.

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Systemic Linguistics: Core Linguistics

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  1. Systemic Linguistics:Core Linguistics

  2. words are signs • signifier = form = morphology (phonology) • signified = meaning = semantics (pragmatics) • combination of words = sentence structure = syntax

  3. Morphology: language types

  4. analytic languages signal grammatical relationships by word position in the sentence (= word order) • synthetic languages signal grammatical relationships by the shape of the words (=inflectional endings) • 1500 years ago, English was much more synthetic than it is today. It has changed into a more analytic language

  5. Morphology • definition: morphology studies the smallest meaningful units, called 'morphemes' • morpheme ≠ phoneme (pit vs. bit) • morpheme ≠ word (blueberry, autobus) • morpheme ≠ syllable (mo-ther)

  6. types of morphemes: • a) free morphemes: may occur on their own and are used freely according to the rules of sentence structure, for example 'boy', 'tree', 'church', 'go', 'leave', 'love'. • b) bound morphemes (affixes): cannot usually stand alone but are attached to a free morpheme (= 'base'), e.g 're-', '-ed', '-s'.

  7. types of bound morphemes: • - prefixes (in-, re-) • - suffixes (-dom, -ship) • - infixes (heim-ge-kommen) • - circumfixes (heim-ge-kehr-t)

  8. morpheme, morph and allomorph • morphemes are ideal abstract units, whereas the corresponding morphs can show some variation • morphs are concrete manifestations of a morphome • allomorphs are variations of morphemes • /z/ in "dogs, beds" • /s/ in "cats" • /iz/ in "garages"

  9. overview of the discipline

  10. types of inflection • a) declension of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns • b) conjugation of verbs. • derivational morphemes (affixes) are used for word formation

  11. Word formation • word formation processes • a) derivation • definition: a combination of a free and bound morpheme(s) - by far the most common word formation process in the production of new words

  12. examples of derivation:

  13. derivation: exceptions • Cranberry morph(eme)s are bound morphemes which occur in only one derivation (or compound) but nowhere else: e.g. cranberry, inane, umpteen • similar words (strawberry, inactive, thirteen) suggest that they are indeed morphemes • cranberry morphs are relics of words which have died out in other uses

  14. b) compounding • definition: a combination two or more free morphemes • German is notorious for long words (e.g. Weihnachtsbaumschmuckvertriebsorganisationshandbuchverkäufer), compounds in English do not usually exceed two units

  15. examples of compounding:

  16. Endocentric compounds: the compound is an instance of the thing denoted by the last constituent (e.g. houseboat is a type of boat, boathouse is a type of house; a person who is seasick is sick) • Exocentric compounds: the compound does not refer to an entity denoted by either constituent (a paleface is not a type of face, but a person who has a pale face)

  17. examples of exocentric compounds: paleface, redskin, redneck, skinhead, bigfoot, pickpocket • Copulative compounds: both constituents refer to the entity denoted by the whole compound. An owner-builder is both an owner of a house and its builder. • e.g. singer-songwriter, bittersweet, deaf-mute

  18. compounds need to be defined on several linguistic levels • morphology (free morphemes) • phonology (stress on the first element) • semantics (unity)

  19. minor word formation processes • c) coinage: means the invention of totally new terms • the most typical cases are invented trade names for a company’s product which become general terms for any version of that product (without initial capital letters) e.g. 'xerox', 'kleenex' or 'aspirin'

  20. d) conversion: involves a change in the function of a word, e.g. when a noun comes to be used as a verb (without any reduction or change) • E.g. ‘to paper a wall’ (paper) or ‘a must’ (from the verb ‘must')

  21. e) acronymy: acronyms are formed from the initial letters of a set of other words • acronyms are pronounced as single words, e.g. 'NATO', 'RADAR', 'LASER' (unlike in the case of 'CD', which is an initialism)

  22. f) backformation: means a special type of reduction process: a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form another word of a different type (usually a verb) • E.g. ‘donate’ (from donation), ‘babysit’ (from babysitter) and ‘televise’ (from television)

  23. g) blending: means a combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term. Blending usually involves taking the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word • E.g. ‘smog’, ‘brunch’ and ‘modem’

  24. h) clipping: means that a word of more than one syllable (facsimile) is reduced to a shorter form • E.g. ‘bus’, ‘ad’ and ‘bra’

  25. i) borrowing: refers to the taking over of words from other languages • English has adopted a great number of loan-words throughout its history • E.g. ‘yogurt’ (Turkish) and ‘alcohol’ (Arabic)

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