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Understanding the Cardiovascular System and Blood Groups

This presentation provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, highlighting the heart's structure, function, and the importance of blood circulation. It addresses common misconceptions about heart attacks symptoms, particularly in women. Detailed diagrams illustrate the anatomy of the heart, its chambers, and associated vessels. Additionally, the presentation covers human blood groups, antigen presence, and transfusion concerns. Students are encouraged to discuss the material in groups, raise questions via email, and engage with the content to enhance understanding while the instructor is unavailable due to personal circumstances.

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Understanding the Cardiovascular System and Blood Groups

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Hi!  • Sorry I’m absent and not able to elaborate on these notes. My daughter is sick. • Please read through this power point with your group and discuss what doesn’t make sense OR write down your questions and then email me! Please don’t wait until I came back because that’s too long to be confused.

  2. What happened to Denise? • Heart Attack! Only 1 group thought this was the answer mostly because what we “know” as symptoms of heart attack are more typical of the symptoms men have!

  3. The Cardiovascular System • A closed system of the heart and blood vessels • The heart pumps blood • Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body • The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products

  4. The Heart • Location • Thorax between the lungs • Pointed apex directed toward left hip • About the size of your fist • Starts to beat 22 days after conception!

  5. The Heart Figure 11.1

  6. The Heart: Coverings • Pericardium – a double serous membrane • Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium. • Why is the heart surrounded by fluid? • NO FRICTION!!! • Balloon pericardium

  7. The Heart: Heart Wall • Three layers • Epicardium • Outside layer • Connective tissue layer- thin & strong • Myocardium • Middle layer • Mostly cardiac muscle- thick & strong • Endocardium • Inner layer • Endothelium-epithelial cells! Remember epithelial cells line all of your hollow organs! Where are MAJORITY of epithelial cell located? • Skin!

  8. External Heart Anatomy Figure 11.2a

  9. Coronary (HEART) Circulation • Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium • The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system • Coronary arteries • Cardiac veins • Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus • IF THESE GET BLOCKED YOU CAN HAVE A HEART ATTACK. Which pretty much means your heart is not beating correctly…it’s in a spasm. You die if enough of the heart cells die due to lack of O2.

  10. Blood Circulation Q: Based on the picture (or your own knowledge) Why is the left side muscle wall thicker then the right side??? A: Left side pumps to the entire body while the right side just pumps to the heart! Figure 11.3

  11. Q: Do Arteries ONLY carry oxygenated blood and veins ONLY deoxygenated? A: No…look closely. What statement CAN be made about these vessels? A: Arteries away & Veins towards heart.

  12. The Heart: Associated Great Vessels • Aorta • Leaves left ventricle • Pulmonary arteries • Leave right ventricle • Vena cava • Enters right atrium • Pulmonary veins (four) • Enter left atrium

  13. The Heart: Chambers • Right and left side act as separate pumps • Four chambers • Atria • Receiving chambers • Ventricles • Discharging chambers Figure 11.2c

  14. The Heart: Valves • Allow blood to flow in only one direction • Four valves • Atrioventricular valves – between atria and ventricles • Bicuspid valve (left) • Tricuspid valve (right) • Semilunar valves between ventricle and artery • Pulmonary semilunar valve • Aortic semilunar valve

  15. The Heart: Valves • Valves open as blood is pumped through • Held in place by chordaetendineae (“heart strings”) • Close to prevent backflow

  16. Watch tonight at home! • Quick review of blood movement thought the heart • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvAVu-7E2gA song 3min • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLTdgrhpDCg technical 1.5 min

  17. Operation of Heart Valves Figure 11.4

  18. A bit on the stuff pumped around by our dear heart….Blood Groups and Transfusions • Large losses of blood have serious consequences • Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness • Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal • Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly • Transfused blood must be of the same blood group

  19. Human Blood Groups • Blood contains genetically determined proteins • A foreign protein (antigen) may be attacked by the immune system • Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination)

  20. Human Blood Groups • There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens • The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens

  21. ABO Blood Groups • Based on the presence or absence of two antigens • Type A • Type B • The lack of these antigens is called type O

  22. ABO Blood Groups • The presence of both A and B is called type AB • The presence of either A or B is called types A and B, respectively

  23. Rh Blood Groups • Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) • Most Americans are Rh+ • Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood

  24. Rh Dangers During Pregnancy • Danger is only when the mother is Rh– and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the Rh+ factor

  25. Rh Dangers During Pregnancy • The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child • The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems • The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy • In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

  26. Blood Typing • Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum • Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type • Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner • Cross matching – testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa

  27. Blood Typing Figure 10.8

  28. Heart dissection • We will be dissecting a preserved sheep heart next class. So BRUSH UP ON the external parts (major blood vessels) and the internal parts (valves, chambers, septum) • Go to next slide

  29. Starting now you will prepare for our dissection. • You will make “flags” for labeling with tape, construction paper & toothpicks. • Once you are done make an envelope (fold it into 4th and then fold the top over) out of a sheet of paper, put your names on it & put it in the bin. • Once you have finished flags you should review & study the diagram of the interior of the heart that shows all 4 chambers (which is a frontal (coronal) cut) and compare it to the picture of an actual heart so you have a better idea of what the structures REALLY look like. • During dissection you will flag all of the parts of the heart, using only your brains, for credit. So, be prepared! • Go to next slide

  30. HW: finish the writing prompts. Once you finish the flags you can work on this. • I will collect both WP next class. • Go to next slide…

  31. flags • L Atrium • R Atrium • L Ventricle • R Ventricle • Bicuspid valve (left) • Tricuspid valve (right) • Pulmonary semilunar valve • Aortic semilunar valve • chordae tendineae • Aorta • Base • Apex • Superior vena cava • Septum

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