GE1153 COMPUTER IN EDUCATION

1. GE1153 COMPUTER IN EDUCATION CONJUCTIONS

2. Introduction • A conjunction may be used to indicate the relationship between the ideas expressed in a clause and the ideas expressed in the rest of a sentence. The conjunctions in the following examples are printed in bold type. • e.g. We could go to the library, or we could go to the park.      He neither finished his homework nor studied for the test.      I went out because the sun was shining.

3. Types of Conjunctions

4. Coordinate Conjunctions • Coordinate conjunctions are used to join two similar grammatical constructions; for instance, two words, two phrases or two clauses.e.g. My friendandI will attend the meeting.      Austria is famous for the beauty of its landscapeandthe hospitality of its people.The sun roseandthe birds began to sing.

5. The most commonly used coordinate conjunctions are and, but and or. In addition, the words nor and yet may be used as coordinate conjunctions. In the following table, each coordinate conjunction is followed by its meaning and an example of its use. Note the use of inverted word order in the clause beginning with nor.

6. and:  in addition   She tried and succeeded. • but:  however   They tried but did not succeed. • or:  alternatively   Did you go out or stay at home? • nor:  and neither   I did not see it, nor did they. • yet:  however   The sun is warm, yet the air is cool.

7. Correlative Conjunctions • Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs, in order to show the relationship between the ideas expressed in different parts of a sentence. For instance, in the following example, the expression either ... or is used to indicate that the ideas expressed in the two clauses represent two alternative choices of action.e.g. Either you should study harder, or you should take a different course.

8. The most commonly used correlative conjunctions are both ... and, either ... or and neither ... nor. In the table below, each pair of correlative conjunctions is accompanied by an example of its use. Note that in the construction if ... then, the word then can usually be omitted.

9. both ... and He is both intelligent and good-natured. • either ... or I will either go for a walk or read a book. • neither ... nor He is neither rich nor famous. • hardly ... when He had hardly begun to work, when he was interrupted. • if ... then If that is true, then what happened is not surprising. • no sooner ... than No sooner had I reached the corner, than the bus came. • not only ... but also She is not only clever, but also hard-working. • rather ... than I would rather go swimming than go to the library. • what with ... and What with all her aunts, uncles and cousins, she has many relatives. • whether ... or Have you decided whether you will come or not?

10. Subordinate Conjunctions • Subordinate clauses may begin with relative pronouns such as that, what, whatever, which, who and whom, as well as with words such as how, when, where, wherever and why. In the following examples, the subordinate clauses are underlined.e.g. The house, which stood on a hill, could be seen for miles.      I wonder how he did that.

11. In addition, subordinate clauses may also begin with words which are commonly referred to as subordinate conjunctions. In the following examples, the subordinate conjunctions are printed in bold type.e.g. Because it was cold, I wore my winter coat.      Let us wait until the rain stops.The subordinate conjunctions below are accompanied by their meanings and examples of use.

12. Because    1. for the reason that:  We had to wait, because we arrived early.For    1. for, because:  He is happy, for he enjoys his work.If    1. on condition that:  If she is here, we will see her.After    1. later in time:  After the train left, we went home.Although or though    1. in spite of the fact that:  Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired.Before    1. earlier than:  I arrived before the stores were open. • Than    1. used in comparisons:  He is taller than you are.Unless    1. except when, if not:  Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.Until or till    1. up to the time when:  I will wait until I hear from you.

13. Other subordinate conjunctions • So as to • Or else • In case • Even if • As though • As soon as • As long as • As if • While • Whether • Whereas • Until or till • Unless • Than • Supposing • So or so that

14. Reference • http://www.fortunecity.com/bally/durrus/153/gramtoc.html A detailed explanation of all the important points of Englishgrammar. http://www.englishpage.com/grammar/Conjunctions/Exercises/ Conjunctions exercises http://www.fortunecity.com/bally/durrus/153/gramex28.html http://englishgrammarsecrets.com/ http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htm

15. Tutorials 1 1. I opened the door _________ looked out. (and, yet)2. She was not in the back yard, _________ was she upstairs. (or, nor)3. The sun had set, _________ it was still light outside. (or, yet)4. Do you know his address _________ telephone number? (but, or)5. He has not arrived yet, _________ have they. (and, nor)6. I read the book, _________ did not understand it. (but, or)7. We searched diligently, ________ found nothing. (or, yet)8. I invited him _________ his friends. (and, but)

16. Tutorials 2 • 1. We stayed up late, ____________ we were tired. (although, despite)2. They went swimming, ____________ the coldness of the water. (although, despite)3. I enjoy the course, ____________ the professor is a good teacher. (because, because of)4. She looks ___________ your sister. (as if, like)5. Please wait ___________ I make a phone call. (during, while)6. Did you hear any noises ____________ the night? (during, while)7. It looked ____________ we would not be able to leave until the next day. (as if, like)8. We all felt tired ____________ the hot weather. (because, because of)9. I read a book ___________ I was waiting. (during, while)10. Her eyes shone _____________ stars. (as if, like)

17. The End • Rozaidah Bt Zainudin • A134015 Thank you