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Rise of Russia

Rise of Russia. Overall Characteristics/Themes Visible Throughout Russia History. Invasions and fear of invasion Openness to West – or not Alternating periods of repression and reform Little or no history of democracy. Mongol Invasion. Invasion began political history

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Rise of Russia

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  1. Rise of Russia

  2. Overall Characteristics/ThemesVisible Throughout Russia History • Invasions and fear of invasion • Openness to West – or not • Alternating periods of repression and reform • Little or no history of democracy

  3. Mongol Invasion • Invasion began political history • 1237-1240 Mongol Invasion: forces of Gengis Khan move from North China across the continent to take Moscow • Tatars: a Turkish people who were also invading Russia – became agents/administrators for Mongols

  4. Mongol/Tatar Rule 1240-1480 • Brutal invasion • Russia “hibernated” and missed the high middle ages of Europe • 1480 Ivan III (Ivan the Great) formally renounced Mongol rule over Russia

  5. MONGOL EMPIRE

  6. 16TH AND 17TH RUSSIA • Power tended to rest with boyars • Held land • Controlled serfs • Boyars struggles with new tsars for control • New tsars used boyars to serve state • Created bureaucracy • Mandatory military service

  7. Ivan III • Established hereditary rule • Adopted Byzantine traditions - Third Rome • Tsar head of Orthodox Church • Cossacks (Turkish word = “free men”)

  8. Ivan IV (the Terrible) 1530-1584 • First Russian monarch to use title of tsar (also spelled czar) • Assumed throne at age three • Yelena died in 1538 • Possible poisoning by boyars

  9. Ivan to Power • Boyar families fought for de facto control of government • Encouraged him to be cruel to animals and people • 10 years of boyar rule left Ivan scarred • Unbalanced, undisciplined, cruel and slightly crazy • 1543—executed a boyar • 1547—married Anastasia Romanov

  10. Ivan’s Illness and Loss of Son • Fell ill and demanded princes and boyars swear allegiance to his small son, Dimitri • Many refuse • Visited monastery to give thanks for recovery • Nurse dropped baby Dimitri into river and he drowned

  11. Death of Anastasia • Ivan had emotional breakdown • Banged head on floor • Destroyed furniture • Ivan believed (but had no proof) boyars poisoned his wife • Tortured and executed many • Cruelty and insanity broke through

  12. The End of Ivan • 1581—killed 2nd son, Ivan • Son, Feodor, gained throne • Feodor died with no heir • Riurik dynasty ended, Russia in disarray • Civil War, Polish invasion ensue

  13. The Two Ivans • Increase in control over peoples’ lives • Permanent military established • New currency • Sudebnik-Introduced by Ivan III • Code of laws • Limited aristocracy • Made it more difficult for peasants to leave their land

  14. The Two Ivans • Church Reform in 1551 • Government supervision of clergy • Correction of rituals • Oprichniki • Special police force assembled to destroy the boyar land-elite • Wear all black and ride black horses • No remorse for torturing, killing, or dismembering

  15. New Line of Tsars—Romanov • 1613—Michael Romanov selected tsar • He and successors moved Russia toward more autocracy • Total inserfment of peasants by 1649 • Military service demands for boyars were relaxed • Changes met with civil unrest, especially from cossacks

  16. Peter the Great 1672-1725 • Became tsar at 10, but did not really exercise power until 1689 • Grew up going to “German Quarter” and learned of new, Western technology • 7 feet tall • Traveled widely • Westernized • Modernized army • Table of Ranks – position in government based upon merit

  17. Peter the Great 1672-1725 • Biggest problem was Russia had no warm water ports • Battled with Ottoman Turks to try to control Black Sea • Defeated Sweden for good cold water ports along Baltic Sea • Built capital, St. Petersburg, on the Baltic Sea, “gateway to the West.” • Forced laborers to drain a swamp along Neva River

  18. Built St. Petersburg on model of Western European cities

  19. Russia Under Peter the Great

  20. Images of Peter the Great

  21. Catherine the Great (1729-1796) • Wife of Peter III (tsarina) • Born in Prussia • Learned Russian • Converted to Orthodox Christianity • Embraced Peter the Great’s ideas of westernization • Let boyars not pay taxes • Taxed peasants heavily

  22. Russia Under Catherine the Great • Defeated Ottomans to gain land to Black Sea • 1790s— partitioned Poland

  23. Reform, then Repression • Initially open to reform • Art, literature and science • Greater local self-government • Legal reforms • Pugachev Rebellion, French Revolution led her to become more oppressive

  24. Russian Life • Orthodox Christianity eventually controlledby Tsar • Mostly agrarian • Most peasants tied to land, • Tsars created laws that backed land owners

  25. Legacy • Russian absolutism created environment of social and political tensions that lasted into 20th century • Russia would continue to struggle with modernization • Absolutism would eventually fail as Russia moved toward socialism and communism in late 19th and early 20th centuries

  26. Rise of Russia

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