Structural Efficiency and Economy of Shells Foundations

1. International Research Research and Development (IJTSRD) International Open Access Journal Structural Efficiency and Economy of Shells Foundations Structural Efficiency and Economy of Shells Foundations International Journal of Trend in Scientific Scientific (IJTSRD) International Open Access Journal ISSN No: 2456 ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 3 Structural Efficiency and Economy of Shells Foundations Mohammed Faisal Mohammed Construction Management in Civil Engineering, NIMS University Shobhanagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan ABSTRACT Bipin Kumar Singh Head of Department, NIMS University Shobhanagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Vikas Kumar Pandey Vikas Kumar Pandey Asst. Professor Asst. Professor, NIMS University Shobhanagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Jaipur This thesis introduces shell foundation as the economic alternative to traditional foundations. Through study a type of traditional foundation and two types of shell foundations. So that the foundations are based on weak soil possessing the same properties, and is subject to a high structural load. In this paper, hyperbolic and conical shell footings were designed and compared with sloped square footing. The result were found that , the shell footing more economical than sloped footing , in terms of the size of the concrete mass and the amount of reinforcing steel area. As follows, hyperbolic 48.1%, conical 41%. This thesis introduces shell foundation as the economic alternative to traditional foundations. Through study a type of traditional foundation and two types of shell foundations. So that the foundations exploiting cost savings benefit applied in a geotechnical engineering context. The ingenuity of shell footings as foundations has all the ingredients any design engineer should look to satisfy; that of optimum strength at minimal cost that is both safe and elegant, yet endures. This combination of economy and efficiency coupled with long the epitome of a sustainable structure the epitome of a sustainable structure exploiting cost savings benefit applied in a geotechnical engineering context. The ingenuity of shell footings as foundations has all the ingredients er should look to satisfy; that of optimum strength at minimal cost that is both safe and elegant, yet endures. This combination of economy and efficiency coupled with long–term durability is il possessing the same properties, and is subject to a high structural load. In this paper, hyperbolic and conical shell footings were designed and compared with sloped square footing. The result were found that , the shell footing more ped footing , in terms of the size of the concrete mass and the amount of reinforcing , hyperbolic 48.1%, conical Structural efficiency and economy of shells. The basic difference between a plain structural element like a slab and a non-planar structural element like a shell is that, while the former resists vertical loads, including self weight, in flexure, the same loads induce primarily a direct, in-plane or membrane state of stress in a shell, which may be tension, compression or shear, but all lying in the plane of the shell. Concrete as a material of construction is most efficient in direct compression, least efficient in tension, with the efficiency in bending lying between the two. Thus if a plain roof slab is substituted by a shell, and if the geometry and boundary conditions of the shell are such that the same applied load induces a state of membrane compression, and that too of a lo magnitude, better material utilisation results, which in terms of design means a substantial reduction in thickness. d economy of shells. The basic difference between a plain structural element like a planar structural element like a shell is that, while the former resists vertical loads, including self weight, in flexure, the same loads induce plane or membrane state of stress in a shell, which may be tension, compression or shear, but all lying in the plane of the shell. Concrete as a material of construction is most efficient in direct compression, least efficient in the efficiency in bending lying between the two. Thus if a plain roof slab is substituted by a shell, and if the geometry and boundary conditions of the shell are such that the same applied load induces a state of membrane compression, and that too of a low magnitude, better material utilisation results, which in terms of design means a substantial reduction in Keywords: shell foundations, hyperbolic, conical , hyperbolic, conical 1. INTRODUCTION: An economic alternative to traditionally plain shallow foundations especially where heavy super structural loads are to be transmitted to weaker soil is opportune incentive to use shell foundations. Shells are thin structures whose performance capabilities as a supporting element rely heavily upon their form and quality of construction materials used. foundations are composed of one or more curved slabs or folded plates whose relative thickness is inferior to its overall planar dimensio maximum structural performance, shell foundations have been prevalently designed in arched, circular, triangular, conical, cylindrical, spherical, pyramidal, square and strip shapes. An economic alternative to traditionally plain shallow super structural loads are to be transmitted to weaker soil is opportune hells are thin–slab ce capabilities as a supporting element rely heavily upon their form and of construction materials used. foundations are composed of one or more curved slabs or folded plates whose relative thickness is inferior to its overall planar dimensions. To obtain maximum structural performance, shell foundations have been prevalently designed in arched, circular, triangular, conical, cylindrical, spherical, pyramidal, shell This reduction in thickness, however, has been achieved at the cost of extra surface area needed on account of the curvature of the shel that there is a net saving in material provided the saving realised due to reduction in thickness more than offsets the extra due to curvature. than offsets the extra due to curvature. This reduction in thickness, however, has been achieved at the cost of extra surface area needed on account of the curvature of the shell, which means that there is a net saving in material provided the saving realised due to reduction in thickness more The historical success of shells performance as a structure has motivated further research in its application and performance with the objective of application and performance with the objective of The historical success of shells performance as a has motivated further research in its @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Apr 2018 Page: 2125

2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 material used to build RPC shell foundations. An entire load-outline gathering was composed and manufactured for test work. Trial tests are directed to ponder the impact of steel fiber volumetric proportion (Vf), silica rage content (Sf), change whimsy, and ascent of shell to sweep of base proportion (f/r2) on the conduct of cone shaped shell foundations . 2. Related Study Dr. Esmaili And N. Hata. (2008): think about on a definitive load limits of funnel shaped and pyramidal shell foundations on unreinforced and fortified sand were dictated by research center model tests and numerical examination. contrasted and those for roundabout and square level foundations. Eight establishment unreinforced and fortified sand were tried in which the impact of shell arrangement on extreme load limit was examined. Both the trial and numerical examinations showed that, if shell establishment thickness expands, the conduct of the shell establishment on either fortified sand or unreinforced sand gets nearer to that of level foundations. Another factor was likewise characterized to show a unique relation between a definitive load limit of shell and flatfoundations. The outcomes were models on Mahesh Salunkhe. et al. (2016): The target of this examination is to advance shell balance as a monetary contrasting option to customary establishment and configuration investigation of funnel shaped and hyperbolic paraboloid establishment and correlation between them. Adel Hanna and Mohamed Abdel-Rahman (2016): Experimental examination of shell foundations on dry sand ˮ. the subsequent bearing limits and settlements will be contrasted and traditional strip, round, and square level foundations. The present paper exhibits a trial examine on nine establishment models tried on free, medium, and thick sand states. The impact of shell setup and insertion profundity on a definitive bearing limit and settlement will be exhibited. Endalkachew Taye Chekol. (2009): This proposition presents shell foundations as a rule and funnel shaped write shell establishment specifically as a contrasting option to the ordinary plain establishment. The distinctive sorts of shells that might be utilized in foundations are presented with their geometry and applications under various circumstances. Shell foundations can be utilized as consolidated or disengaged balance. The easiest type of shell fitting for confined balance is cone shaped shells. Tapered shells are utilized as an other option to plain roundabout footings. S. Thilakan and N.P. Naik (2016): Geotechnical conduct of strip bended demonstrate ˮ . The outcomes acquired were contrasted and those of a level strip balance having an indistinguishable width of 0.16 m from that of the bended shell estimated on a level plane. The thickness of shell was kept as 0.02 m and that of the level strip was kept as 0.04 m. The pressure disseminations and vertical removals were acquired and extreme burdens were resolved. The outcomes were deciphered utilizing a shell effectiveness factor and shell settlement factor. The bended shell strip establishment showed in excess of 30 percent more prominent extreme burdens and more than 50 percent lesser settlements when contrasted with that of level strip balance. shell establishment Pusadkar Sunil Shaligram (2015): conduct of triangular shell strip balance on georeinforced layered sand ˮ. The outcomes demonstrate that a definitive bearing limit increments with diminish in crest edge. The geotextile layer at different levels beneath the balance demonstrates increment in extreme bearing limit at upper layer and abatement in the settlement. It was additionally watched that the position of geotextile beneath balance create better load settlement qualities when geotextile was set in the Prandtal's outspread shear zone. Endalkachew Taye Chekol (2016): an investigation on the outline and preferred standpoint of cone shaped compose shell establishment utilizing expository and FEMˮ. The outcome unmistakably shows that funnel shaped shells spare more material than do as such plain round footings. Sheik and shilpa (2015): took a shot at investigation and plan of shell establishment SI9456-1980 arrangement ˮ. They looked at between plan of hypar shell balance and slanted balance, and found that the hypar shell balance spare the solid and steel upto 43.78% and 4.76 separately. Amera Ratia Binti Ab Rahman. (2016): This exploration is fundamentally centered around the conduct of three distinct states of establishment viz; pyramidal shell establishment, hyperbolic paraboloid shell establishment and square level establishment Mohammed Y. Fattah . et al. (2015): The present investigation goes for concentrate the RPC as a @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 2126

3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 under hub stacking with various establishing levels. Three diverse stature/thickness proportion offlat and shell establishment made out of various materials. Hyperbolic 1-Find Shell dimensions. - Required base area. - Length, Width, Rice, Warp of shell, Base pressure. 2-Calculate membrane shear on factored load. - Factored pressure. - Membrane shear. - Thickness. - Shear stress (Ԏ). 3-Design the steel in shell (find area of steel for tension due to shear). (Some recommend 0.5 % as minimum steel to reduce crack width in the slab). This steel is more than, the minimum is 0.12 % for shrinkage. 4-Check compression in concrete in the shell. 5-Find tension in edge beam and area of steel as in beam. - Max tension (each shell). - - Assume width = ½ size of the column. 6-Find compression in ridge and provide steel as in column inclined length or ridge beam. 3. Problem Description Diminishing accessibility of good construction destinations and expanding construction exercises for infrastructural developments all through the world has constrained the structural inadmissible locales or weak soil. specialists to use Turn out to be extremely important And with the requirement for multi-story undertaking, which produces colossal burdens, interestingly weak soil. The scope of this study can be explained by explaining the requirements of code IS 9456-1980 and design requirements, comparing design results between shallow foundations and shell foundations. The objectives of the present study are: Study of shell foundations as an alternative to shallow foundation. Studying the size of the underlying stress in the soil after applying the load in the case of the shell foundation and shallow foundation. Analysis of the data obtained through this study with the data of previous studies to illustrate the economic and engineering efficiency of the shell foundation. Area of steel required = ??????????∗ ??? Ø∗?? 4. Proposed Methodology √??+ ?? Structural loads are applied to weak soil, and the foundations of shell foundations and shallow foundations of structural load applied to weak soil - Compression = (shear * length) * 2 …………. (From two sides). Compare the above compression as calculated from the column load. Comp = ?? - The design data is then compared ?ℎ The size is footing in both cases. Conical 1- Find base diameter based on safe bearing capacity . ? ?? 4 2-Find shell parameters (S1), (S2) and (Ө). Where (S1) - Distance from apex to column. (S2) – Distance from apex to end of shell. (Ө) – half central angle. 3-Find vertical pressure (qv ) for factored load. 4-Maximum compression per meter is at base of column at the top of the cone ( S = S1 ) To known out the:- 1.Amount of savings in building materials. 2.The amount of steel used. 3.Effective soil stress. ?????= ???? And we can comparing design results between shallow foundations and shell foundations. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 2127

4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 4-Depth of tow way shear. IS code critical section at d/2 from face as in flat slabs . - Parameter = 4 (b + d). - Shear = Reaction (L2 – (b + d) 2). - Shear value = 0.25 ????. 5- 5- Depth from bending ( for square of L ). M = ? ( ??? )? ?? 6- Reinforcement required NC = ?? 5-Design for compression With minimum thickness for cover </ 50 mm for steel… etc Last thickness = 120 mm 6-Check where no compression steel is required (let is be S from both apex). Compression token per mm = ??∗?(?? ??? ?) 7-Check percentage of steel at bottom (where compressions least). ??? tanӨ ( S1 – S2 ) ? ? ? ????.? ??? = ? ????∗( ????)? = 0.135 (top layer). ? 7- Check development length, (Length from the of the column). RESULT Comparison between shell foundations (hyperbolic and conical footing) and sloped footing Through the comparison we came to the following results Assuming constant thickness of shell. We must provide minimum steel P = ?????? ?∗?∗???????? 8-Design for maximum hoop tension @ S2 : Nt= qv *S2 * tanӨ . 9-Design for hoop tension Nt at place where column and steel meet. 10-– check elastic stress in tension (elastic design). DESIGNE OF SQUARE FOOTING 1-Find size of footing or dimensions. - Area ( A ) = - Load = 1.0 LL + 1.0 DL + Wt of footing. 2-Ultimate soil reactions ( only DL + LL to be token ). Design load = 1.5 DL + 1.5 LL Reaction = ?????? ???? ???? 3-Depth for one way shear. Assuming min shear = 0.35 N/ mm2. (Corresponding to 0.2% steel). - d = ? ( ??? ) Volume (m3 ) area steel (mm2) Hyperbolic conical square 19.87 22.6 38.3 3354.11 9160 14247 percentage save concrete percentage save steel 48.10% 41% - 76.50% 35.70% - Table 1. Comparison Table ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? Conclusion The Hyperbolic and conical shell footing were designed and compared with sloped footing. The following conclusion 1)The hyperbolic shell footing were found economical than that of conventional footing, and its saves the concrete and steel up to 48.10%. 2)The conical shell footing were found economical than that of conventional footing, and its saves the concrete and steel up to 41%. 3)It gives minimum materials consumption over the conventional footing. 4)It gives the greater load capacity and stability over the conventional footing. can be drawn: ???????? (in meters). @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 2128

5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 5)On the other hand, they need trained labor, so they are common use in East Asia due to low wages and high building materials. Degree Engineering) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada. of Doctor of Philosophy (Civil 4)Pusadkar Sunil Shaligram. (2015). Behaviour of triangular shell strip footing on georeinforced layered sand. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology. References 1)Dr. Esmaili And N. Hata. (2008). Experimental And Numerical Investigation Of Ultimate Load Capacity Of Shell Foundations On Reinforced And Unreinforced Sand, Iranian Journal Of Science & Technology, Engineering 5)Sheikh and shilpa . (2015) Analysis and design of shell foundation SI9456-1980 provision ˮ. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. Transaction B, 2)Endalkachew Taye Chekol. (2009). A Study On The Design And Advantage Of conical Type Shell Foundation Using Analytical And Fem, A thesis submitted to the school of graduate studies, Addis Ababa University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Civil Engineering . 6)Hanna and Mohamed Abdel-Rahman. ( 2016 ). Experimental investigation of shell foundations on dry sand. A thesis submitted in partialfulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Master of Civil Engineering . 3)Dr.RemoRinaldi. Foundation Performance In Soil, Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the (2012). Inverted Shell @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 2129