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Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University

Nanoengineered Metamaterials . Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University. April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College Mt. Pleasant, IA. • Nanotechnology • Metamaterials •Sculptured Thin Films. • Nanotechnology

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Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University

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  1. Nanoengineered Metamaterials Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College Mt. Pleasant, IA

  2. • Nanotechnology • Metamaterials •Sculptured Thin Films

  3. • Nanotechnology • Metamaterials •Sculptured Thin Films

  4. • Nanotechnology

  5. A. Lakhtakia Nanotechnology: The term US Patents and Trademarks Office (2006): “Nanotechnology is related to research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels, in the length of scale of approximately 1-100 nanometer range in at least one dimension; that provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nanoscale; and to create and use structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or intermediate size.”

  6. A. Lakhtakia Nanotech Economy Total worldwide R&D funding = $ 9.6B in 2005 Governments (2005): $4.6B Established Corporations (2005): $4.5B Venture Capitalists (2005): $0.5B Source: Lux Research, The Nanotech Report, 4th Ed. (2006).

  7. A. Lakhtakia Nanotech Economy: Scope Source: Meridian Institute, Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risk (2005)

  8. A. Lakhtakia Nanotechnology promises to be • pervasive • ubiquitous

  9. A. Lakhtakia Nanotechnology & Life Source:

  10. A. Lakhtakia Significant Attributes • Large surface area per unit volume • Quantum effects

  11. A. Lakhtakia Dimensionality • 1 D • Ultrathin coatings • 2 D • Nanowires and nanotubes • 3 D • Nanoparticles

  12. A. Lakhtakia Nanotechnology: Classification • Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films • Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes • Radical – molecular manufacturing

  13. A. Lakhtakia Nanotechnology: Classification • Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films • Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes • Radical – molecular manufacturing

  14. A. Lakhtakia Nanotechnology: Classification • Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films • Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes • Radical – molecular manufacturing

  15. A. Lakhtakia Nanomaterials • Lots of potential applications • Unreliable production

  16. A. Lakhtakia Integrated Electronics and Optoelectronics Many opportunities: - memory cell ~ 90 nm (2004) ~ 22 nm (2016) - plastic electronics - biosensors, chemical sensors - structural health monitoring

  17. A. Lakhtakia Bionanotechnology and Nanomedicine Many opportunities: - targeted drug delivery - in vivo molecular imaging - antimicrobial agents - tissues and scaffolds - “smart” health monitoring

  18. A. Lakhtakia Metrology • Extremely important • Requires standardization • Not much research expenditure incurred so far, but increasing

  19. A. Lakhtakia Industrial Applications • Nothing revolutionary, as of now! • Significant challenges: from laboratory to mass manufacturing

  20. A. Lakhtakia Desirable Features for Industrial Application • Cost-effectiveness • Waste reduction • Lifecycle (cradle-to-grave) environmental auditing

  21. • Metamaterials

  22. A. Lakhtakia J.B.S. Haldane The Creator, if he exists, has ...

  23. … an inordinate fondness for beetles. A. Lakhtakia

  24. A. Lakhtakia Engineers have had an inordinate fondness for composite materials all through the ages

  25. A. Lakhtakia Evolution of Materials Research • Material Properties (< ca.1970) • Design for Functionality (ca.1980) • Design for System Performance (ca. 2000)

  26. A. Lakhtakia Evolution of Materials Research • Material Properties (< ca.1970) • Design for Functionality (ca.1980) • Design for System Performance (ca. 2000)

  27. A. Lakhtakia Evolution of Materials Research • Material Properties (< ca.1970) • Design for Functionality (ca.1980) • Design for System Performance (ca. 2000)

  28. A. Lakhtakia Multifunctionality

  29. A. Lakhtakia Multifunctionality

  30. A. Lakhtakia Multifunctionality Performance Requirements on the Fuselage Light weight(for fuel efficiency) High stiffness(resistance to deformation) High strength(resistance to rupture)

  31. A. Lakhtakia Multifunctionality Performance Requirements on the Fuselage Light weight(for fuel efficiency) High stiffness(resistance to deformation) High strength(resistance to rupture) High acoustic damping(quieter cabin) Low thermal conductivity (less condensation; more humid cabin)

  32. A. Lakhtakia Multifunctionality Performance Requirements on the Fuselage Light weight(for fuel efficiency) High stiffness(resistance to deformation) High strength(resistance to rupture) High acoustic damping(quieter cabin) Low thermal conductivity(less condensation; more humid cabin)

  33. A. Lakhtakia Multifunctionality Performance Requirements on the Fuselage Light weight(for fuel efficiency) High stiffness(resistance to deformation) High strength(resistance to rupture) High acoustic damping(quieter cabin) Low thermal conductivity(less condensation; more humid cabin) Future: Conducting & other fibers for (i) reinforcement (ii) antennas (iii) environmental sensing (iv) structural health monitoring (iv) morphing

  34. A. Lakhtakia Metamaterials Rodger Walser SPIE Press (2003)

  35. A. Lakhtakia Walser’s Definition (2001/2) • macroscopic composites having a manmade, three-dimensional, periodic cellular architecture designed to produce an optimized combination, not available in nature, of two or more responses to specific excitation

  36. A. Lakhtakia “Updated” Definition compositesdesigned to produce an optimized combination of two or more responses to specific excitation

  37. Cellularity

  38. A. Lakhtakia Nanoengineered Metamaterials CellularityMultifunctionality

  39. A. Lakhtakia Nanoengineered Metamaterials CellularityMultifunctionality MorphologyPerformance

  40. A. Lakhtakia Nanoengineered Metamaterials Multi-component system = Assembly of different components • Component: • Simple action • Assembly of components: • Complex action

  41. A. Lakhtakia Nanoengineered Metamaterials Energy harvesting cell Chemisensor cell Energy storage cell Force-sensor cell Energy distributor cell Shape-changer cell RFcomm cell Light-source cell IRcomm cell

  42. A. Lakhtakia Nanoengineered Metamaterials Supercell

  43. A. Lakhtakia Nanoengineered Metamaterials Periodic Arrangement of Supercells Fractal Arrangement of Supercells Functionally Graded Arrangement of Supercells

  44. A. Lakhtakia Nanoengineered Metamaterials Biomimesis

  45. A. Lakhtakia Nanoengineered Metamaterials Biomimesis

  46. A. Lakhtakia Nanoengineered Metamaterials Fabrication Self-assembly Positional assembly Lithography Etching Ink-jet printing …. …. Hybrid techniques

  47. A. Lakhtakia Nanoengineered Metamaterials Fabrication Self-assembly Positional assembly Lithography Etching Ink-jet printing …. …. Hybrid techniques

  48. •Sculptured Thin Films

  49. Sculptured Thin Films A. Lakhtakia Assemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires Controllable Nanowire Shape

  50. Sculptured Thin Films A. Lakhtakia Morphological Change

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