Energy, Electrical Power

1. Energy, Electrical Power Technology for International Development Amy McCarty | Geoffrey Snow | Sanchit Waray

2. Agenda • Energy Sources • Fossil Fuels • Geothermal • Solar • Wind • Hydro • Nuclear • Focus on Renewable Energy • Micro enterprise case • Wind powered water pumps case • Costa Rica energy usage • The Energy Game - Hamburgland

3. IEA Article List one interesting statistic from the report. What is most surprising to you? Which country produces the most energy? Consumes the most? Which country emits the most C02 per Population?

4. Energy Supply Types Source: International Energy Agency

5. Energy Supply Sources Source: International Energy Agency

6. Fossil Fuels Sources: Oil, Natural Gas, Coal

7. Fossil Fuel Production Oil Natural Gas Coal

8. Fossil Fuel Consumption Oil Natural Gas Coal

9. Geothermal Sources: Magma

11. Solar Source: Sun Electricity Generation • Photovoltaic (PV devices) or “solar cells” • Changes sunlight directly into electricity • Individual panels or grouped for large scale use • Solar Thermal/Electric Power Plants • Concentrates solar energy to heat a fluid and produce steam that is used to power a generator • Power plants

13. Wind Source: Air Electricity Generation • Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power • This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity

15. Biomass Sources: Organic material Electricity Generation • Burn biomass generating steam to power electric plant • Decomposing material releases methane gas

17. Hydro Sources: Water Electricity Generation • Run of the River System • Pressure from water currents • Storage System • Pressure from reservoir (dam)

19. Production

20. Nuclear Sources: Uranium

22. Nuclear Production and Usage

23. Renewable Energy as part of the total energy consumption

24. Energy for Development by Christopher Flavin and Molly Hull Aeck • What are the specific development objectives outlined by the UN Millenium Development Goals? What are the steps involved in each of them? • What are RETs? What are some of the positive impacts of investing in RETs on the poor people in a country?

25. Case Study - Micro enterprise in South Asia - Bangladesh

26. Case Study - Micro enterprise in South Asia - Bangladesh

27. Case Study - Micro enterprise in South Asia - Nepal • Micro Hydro power project in Nepal • Only 1% of power generation is from hydro, thus there is huge potential • Job creation, promotion of small businesses and health benefits

28. Case Study - Micro enterprise in South Asia - India

29. Case Study - Micro enterprise in South Asia - India

30. Case Study - Micro enterprise initiatives in South Asia • Which micro enterprise innovation would you pick as the best? Can you suggest any further improvements in the others?

31. Case Study - Wind powered water pumps in Morocco

32. Case Study - Wind powered water pumps in Morocco • In the village of Ain Tolba in northeastern Morocco • Self-sufficient system • Saves time, reduces emissions and health risk thereby promoting economic development

33. Case Study - Wind powered water pumps in Morocco • What benefits were obtained from the installation of wind powered water pumps in the region? Do you foresee any difficulties?

34. Costa Rica • 51,100 km2 / 0.03% of world’s landmass • 4% - 6% of world’s biodiversity Ranked No. 1 on the Happy Planet Index

35. Carbon Neutrality Statement “And tonight I am proud to share with you Costa Rica’s big goal: by 2021, our two-hundredth birthday, we will be a carbon-neutral country…” President Oscar Arias Sánchez, United Nations Headquarters, New York City, 13 June 2007. More countries join the pledge: • Norway • Iceland • New Zealand

36. Carbon Neutrality - What is it? Initiative driven by climate change • Long-term change in average weather conditions, including temperature, precipitation and wind • Occurring due to human caused emission of Green House Gases (GHG) Goal: Net Zero Carbon Footprint • Limit amount of GHG released into the atmosphere • Carbon Dioxide is primary GHG

37. Costa Rica's Strategy Zero impact on climate by 2021 Objectives in National and International Agenda Reducing Emissions Offsetting initiatives

38. Initiatives to Reduce Emissions • Transportation: • Carpooling, weekly vehicle restriction • Biofuels • Promoting hybrid vehicles (taxis) • Bus routes (reduce duplicity) • Energy consumption: • Efficiency in boilers and air conditioning • Fluorescent light bulbs, Solar heaters • Encourage company and community initiatives • Legislation and Education

39. Initiatives to Increase Offsetting • Reforestation projects are in place by tourism companies • Government has cracked down on illegal logging • Compensation for taking eco-friendly steps • Green resorts are being planned for coastal areas • Regions of Costa Rica are advertising as eco-friendly

40. Challenges • Continuity • Political • Economic pressures • Communication • Tracking & countermeasures • Sharing information • Involvement • Communities • Private investment • Government institutions

41. Class Activity #1 - Qualitative You are the energy division of a developing nation, Hamburgland. Using the energy types listed, discuss in your groups to determine the percentage of each energy type Hamburgland wishes to utilize. What are the pro's and cons of each? What factors did you consider when allocating?

42. Class Activity #2 - Quantitative You are still the energy division of Hamburgland. This time, there are numbers involved.... The people of Hamburgland need 100 units of energy. There are 5 rounds, you must decide the number of units per each type of energy source. If you use a source, you have to pay the capital costs for that round. Only pay variable costs for any subsequent round. Similar to real life, costs fluctuate and there are resource limitations. Objective: minimize cost and CO2 pollution

43. Round 1

44. Round 2 Coal prices drop and natural gas prices rise. No wind forces alternative energy sourcing

45. Round 3 Solar Capital Subsidized by Government. Wind still non-existent

46. Round 4 Drought causes hydro prices to jump, Nuclear accident shuts down all plants in Hamburgland

47. Round 5 Natural Gas and Nuclear variable prices drop. Coal rises.

48. Energy Game Conclusion Thought? What lessons did you learn? Did you accomplish your team's goal? How can policy impact the outcomes?

49. Energy Game Lessons Energy sources are typically chosen by availability and cost. Developing nations are more susceptible to production, cost fluctuations, and limitations. Energy sources have tradeoffs.

50. Questions?