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Decision making and reaction time

Decision making and reaction time. By: David Nippard Hkin 416 Presented to: Dr. Martell. Overview. Decision making Reaction time How to develop faster reaction time Gaze (Quiet Eye)**. What is decision making ? . The process of making choices among possible alternatives.

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Decision making and reaction time

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  1. Decision making and reaction time By: David Nippard Hkin 416 Presented to: Dr. Martell

  2. Overview • Decision making • Reaction time • How to develop faster reaction time • Gaze (Quiet Eye)**

  3. What is decision making ? • The process of making choices among possible alternatives. • Example: During a game of hockey there is a 2 on 1 opportunity, do you pass to your teammate? Or do you shoot on the goaltender? • *Note: The number of stimulus effects the decision.

  4. 2 on 1 options

  5. What about the goalie? • Will the player shoot, pass or deke?

  6. Reaction time is critical

  7. What is reaction time? • The time between stimulus and response: ”the interval of time between the application of a stimulus and the first indication of a response” • Senses (eyes, ears)---Brain (formulate response)---Motor Units (nerves)---Action (muscle) • Athlete’s ability to react to the information that is processed through the nervous system.

  8. Benefits of reaction time • Faster reaction time= advantage • Athletes with faster reaction time have the ability to monitor movements for longer periods of time. • Ability to recognize cues in the environment, or even begin the movement earlier. • E.g., Returning a tennis serve, saving a goal kick, hitting a baseball etc. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0kTxTWwkY6k

  9. 3 types of reaction time • Simple Reaction time: Only 1 stimulus and 1 response. (e.g. 100m race) • Choice Reaction Time: More than 1 stimulus, but each stimulus has a designated response. (what shot to choose in a game of badminton. Forehand, backhand, smash, drop-shot). • Discriminate Reaction time: Multiple stimuli but 1 response. (determining which colour is brighter by hitting an appropriate button)

  10. Movement Time • The time it takes to complete the movements of a particular action, from the initiation, to the termination.

  11. Influences on Reaction time and decision making • Age (Older = slower reaction time) • Intensity of stimulus (Bigger, Louder, Brighter stimuli= faster reaction time) • Anticipation (If prepared, reaction time may decrease) • Gender (females show a slower reaction time compared to men) • Previous experience of stimuli (faster reaction time when exposed to stimuli repeatedly)

  12. Influences on Reaction time and decision making .con’t • Number of Stimulus response alternatives • Hick’s Law • Relationship between reaction time and the number of stimuli presented. The more stimuli available, the longer the reaction time. -This occurs to a certain point, where the response time remains constant despite the increase of stimulus.

  13. Is it possible to develop faster reaction time? • Practice- with the same stimulus/response, where the outcome is the same response each time=faster reaction time. The response becomes Automatic. • Anticipation- the action in predicting or expecting something. • E.g. Anticipating where the goal kick is going to be placed.

  14. Two kinds of anticipation • Spatial anticipation: ability to predict what will happen in the environment. • E.g., predict a badminton player’s type of shot (drop-shot vs smash) • Temporal anticipation: ability to predict when an environmental event will occur • E.g., predict when the referee will drop the puck, or when the referee will toss the basketball for a jump-ball • Temporal Occlusion (how much information is needed to make an accurate judgment) More information= better anticipatory judgments

  15. Successfully anticipate…. • Speed of puck (impossible to track entire flight) • Dynamic Nature of the game (always changing, adapt accordingly))

  16. Eye movement in SportsRecognizing the cues • -Eye movements are used to pick up the most important visual cues. • -Eyes sometimes shift in the area of the saccade (fixation point) • -Longer fixations to more important areas, and the cognitive processing needed to interpret the information.

  17. What is Quiet Eye? (Gaze)  The final fixation on the target prior to the initiation of movement.

  18. Discovering the “Quiet Eye” Joan Vickers

  19. What is happening in the brain?

  20. Prospective Control* • Searchesto determine how particular optical information is used to control a movement. • focuses on movement as it unfolds to the point of interception. • (Elite Baseball players recognize salient cues early in the pitch) • *linking eye movements and Attention (peripheral)

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