Introduction to Animals

1. Introduction to Animals

2. Bell Ringer • What is the function of the chloroplast?

3. Objectives • Identify shared characteristics in animals • Distinguish radial and bilateral symmetry • Summarize the importance of a body cavity in animals • Identify how scientists determine evolutionary relationships between animals

4. Characteristics of Animals • Heterotrophy • Mobility • Multicellularity • Diploidy • Sexual reproduction • Blastula Formation • Tissue

5. Heterotrophy • All animals are heterotrophs • Animals cannot make their own food

6. Mobility • Animals have the ability to perform rapid, complex movements • Animals move by using muscle cells • Swim, walk, crawl, run, fly

7. Multicellularity • All animals have more than one cell

8. Diploidy • Diploidy-two copies of each chromosomes • All animals have two copies of each chromosome. One copy from mom and one from dad.

9. Sexual Reproduction • Almost all animals reproduce sexually by producing gametes. • Sperm cells of all animals have a flagella and they are highly mobile.

10. Blastula Formation • Blastula- a hollow ball of cells • Cells within the blastula eventually develop into three distinct layers of cells • Ectoderm • Endoderm • Mesoderm

11. Blastula

12. Ectoderm- Outer layer of skin, nervous system, sense organs • Endoderm- Lining of digestive tract, respiratory, system, digestive organs, urinary bladder • Mesoderm- Most of the skeleton, muscles, circulatory system, reproductive organs

14. Tissues • The cells of all animals except sponges are organized into structural and functional units called tissues • Tissues- groups of cells with a common structure that work together to perform a certain function

15. Bell Ringer • What are the three distinct cellular layers that the Blastula forms into?

17. Body Symmetry • All animals have their own Body Plan. • Different types of Body Plans • Asymmetry • Radial Symmetry • Bilateral Symmetry

18. Asymmetry • Asymmetry- irregular in shape. • Asymmetry is the simplest body plan in the animal Kingdom • Example: Sponges

19. Asymmetry

20. Radial Symmetry • Radial Symmetry- Body parts arranged around a central axis. • Most animals that exhibit radial symmetry are aquatic. • Example: Starfish or Sea Anemone

21. Radial Symmetry

22. Bilateral Symmetry • Bilateral Symmetry-A body design in which there are distinct right and left halves. • In Bilateral Symmetry there are • Dorsal Surfaces(Top) • Ventral Surface(Bottom) • Anterior End(Front) • Posterior End(Back)

23. Bilateral Symmetry

24. Bell Ringer • What are the three different types of symmetries?

25. Cephalization • Most bilaterally symmetrical animals have evolved an anterior concentration of sensory structures and nerves. • This is called Cephalization • Animals with cephalic ends are often active and mobile.

26. Cephalization

27. Internal Body Cavity • Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals have three basic internal body plans • Acoelomates • Pseudocoelomates • Coelomates • Coelom-Body cavity; a fluid filled space found between the body wall and the digestive tract.

28. Acoelomate • Aceolomate-No Body cavity

29. Pseudocoelomate • Pseudocoelomate-A body cavity that is located between the mesoderm and endoderm.

30. Coelomate • Coelomate-Have a body cavity located entirely within the mesoderm. • Provides an internal space where mesoderm and endoderm can be in contact during embryonic development. • This helped complex organs evolve, why?

31. Coelomate • Earthworms are coelomates • True coelom wraps around the digestive tract to protect organs. • Provides are firm base for animals muscles to push against.

33. Body Segmentation • Segmented animals are composed of repeating segments.

34. Challenge • Earth worms are segmented animals that can live without certain segments, why do you think that is?

35. Phylogenetic Tree • Kingdom Animalia contains 35 divions • Phyla • Scientists use a Phylogenetic tree to visualize classification • The animal kingdom can then be divided into vertebrates and non-vertebrates