JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF NUTRITION AND DIETETICS

1. Julie D Shlisky, PhD: The Pennsylvania State University (PSU) Terryl J Hartman, PhD, MPH, RD: PSU Penny M Kris-Etherton, PhD,RD: PSU Connie J Rogers, PhD, MPH: PSU Neil A Sharkey, PhD: PSU Sharon M. Nickols-Richardson, PhD, RD: PSU Partial sleep deprivation and energy balance in adults: an emerging issue for consideration by nutrition and dietetic professionals JOURNAL OFTHE ACADEMY OF NUTRITION AND DIETETICS Shlisky, et al.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012; 112 (Nov.)

2. Partial sleep deprivation and energy balance in adults: an emerging issue for consideration by nutrition and dietetic professionals The prevalence of obesity in the United States is >35% among adults. Meanwhile nearly 28% of adults in the United States sleep <6 hours/night.* Serum Vitamin C (mg/dl) by Salad Intake • Various investigations indicate an inverse association between sleep duration and body weight management. • Postpartum women with partial sleep deprivation may have greater difficulty losing weight.** • Sleep time predicted success in participants enrolled in a weight-loss intervention.*** • Prospective investigations indicate an association between development of obesity in individuals reporting sleep durations of <5-6hours/night. **** • These studies suggest that adults experiencing partial sleep deprivation may have greater adiposity or have greater difficulty losing weight. • ***Elder et al. 2012 • ****Lyytikäinen et al. 2011, Watanabe et al. 2010 *Flegal et al. 2012, Krueger et al. 2009 • **Gunderson et al. 2008, Taveras et al. 2011 JOURNAL OFTHE ACADEMY OF NUTRITION AND DIETETICS Shlisky, et al.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012; 112 (Nov.)

3. Partial sleep deprivation and energy balance in adults: an emerging issue for consideration by nutrition and dietetic professionals Potential pathways by which partial sleep deprivation affects body weight regulation in adults Serum Vitamin C (mg/dl) by Salad Intake JOURNAL OFTHE ACADEMY OF NUTRITION AND DIETETICS Shlisky, et al.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012; 112 (Nov.)

4. Partial sleep deprivation and energy balance in adults: an emerging issue for consideration by nutrition and dietetic professionals Partial sleep deprivation may affect energy intake by: Serum Vitamin C (mg/dl) by Salad Intake • altering circulation of appetitive hormones. • Increased ghrelin (Speigal and Tasali et al. 2004, Nedeltcheva et al. 2010) • Reduced leptin (Speigal and Tasali et al 2004., Spiegel and Leproult et al. 2004) • Increased Peptide YY (Magee et al. 2009) • increasing self-reported appetite. • Increased hunger (Brondel et al. 2010, Speigal and Tasali et al. 2004) • Reduced satiety (Magee et al. 2009, Nedeltcheva et al. 2010) JOURNAL OFTHE ACADEMY OF NUTRITION AND DIETETICS Shlisky, et al.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012; 112 (Nov.)

5. Partial sleep deprivation and energy balance in adults: an emerging issue for consideration by nutrition and dietetic professionals Partial sleep deprivation may affect energy intake by: • increasing the amount of time to eat. • Greater number of eating occasions (St. Onge et al. 2011) • Increased snacking behavior (Nedeltcheva and Kilkus et al. 2009) • promoting a desire for energy dense foods. • Increased fat intake (St. Onge et al. 2001, Schmid et al. 2009, Brondel et al. 2010, Speigal and Tasali et al. 2004) • simply increasing food intake. • Increased energy intake (St. Onge et al. 2011, Brondel et al. 2010, Bosy-Westphal et al. 2008) JOURNAL OFTHE ACADEMY OF NUTRITION AND DIETETICS Shlisky, et al.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012; 112 (Nov.)

6. Partial sleep deprivation and energy balance in adults: an emerging issue for consideration by nutrition and dietetic professionals Partial sleep deprivation may affect energy expenditure by: • increasing sedentary behavior. (Schmid et al. 2009) • reducing resting metabolic rate. (Nedeltcheva et al. 2010) • producing greater self-reported ratings of sleepiness. (Buxton et al. 2010) JOURNAL OFTHE ACADEMY OF NUTRITION AND DIETETICS Shlisky, et al.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012; 112 (Nov.)

7. Partial sleep deprivation and energy balance in adults: an emerging issue for consideration by nutrition and dietetic professionals Partial sleep deprivation may alter substrate utilization by: • increasing post postprandial respiratory quotient. (Nedeltcheva 2010) • reducing insulin sensitivity. (Speigel et al. 1999, Buxton et al. 2010, Donga et al. 2010, Nedeltcheva and Kessler et al. 2009) • promoting greater loss of lean mass and reduced loss of fat mass with body weight loss. (Nedeltcheva et al. 2010) JOURNAL OFTHE ACADEMY OF NUTRITION AND DIETETICS Shlisky, et al.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012; 112 (Nov.)

8. Partial sleep deprivation and energy balance in adults: an emerging issue for consideration by nutrition and dietetic professionals More research is needed to better define the relationship between partial sleep deprivation and energy balance in adults. • Effects of shifted circadian phase vs. shortened sleep on study outcomes should be examined. • Differences between physiological and non-homeostatic motivations to increase food intake should be delineated. • Studies with better control over experimental food environments are needed. • Studies using controlled feedings vs. ad libitum feedings may result in different outcomes . 5am 1am 3am 7am 7am 11pm JOURNAL OFTHE ACADEMY OF NUTRITION AND DIETETICS Shlisky, et al.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012; 112 (Nov.)

9. Partial sleep deprivation and energy balance in adults: an emerging issue for consideration by nutrition and dietetic professionals More research is needed to better define the relationship between partial sleep deprivation and energy balance in adults. • Potential research questions include: • Can sleep extension be achieved and maintained in those with partial sleep deprivation? • Is improving sleep behavior a target for obesity prevention/treatment? JOURNAL OFTHE ACADEMY OF NUTRITION AND DIETETICS Shlisky, et al.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012; 112 (Nov.)