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Exchanging observations and measurements: a generic model and encoding

This paper discusses a domain-independent terminology and information model focusing on the exchange of observations and measurements critical to scientific research. It emphasizes the importance of proper metadata and procedures in accurately capturing and interpreting observational data across various scientific domains. Examples illustrate diverse measurements, from geological features to chemical properties, showcasing how structured observation can enhance data reliability and validation. The model addresses the integration of in-situ and remote observations, making it a versatile resource for scientists.

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Exchanging observations and measurements: a generic model and encoding

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  1. Exchanging observations and measurements: a generic model and encoding Simon Cox Research Scientist 22 May 2007

  2. Science relies on observations • Provides evidence & validation • Involves sampling • This paper is about a domain-independent terminology and information-model • Fast overview, much more detail available … CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  3. Examples • The 7th banana weighed 270gm on the kitchen scales this morning • The attitude of the foliation at outcrop 321 of the Leederville Formation was 63/085, measured using a Brunton on 2006-08-08 • Specimen H69 was determined on 1999-01-14 by Amy Bachrach to be of the species Eucalyptus Caesia • IR image ASgh67c of Camp Iota was obtained by Aster in 2003 • Sample WMC997t collected at Empire Dam on 1996-03-30 was found to have 5.6 g/T Au as measured by ICPMS at ABC Labs on 1996-05-31 • The X-Z Geobarometer determined that the ore-body was at depth 3.5 km at 1.75 Ga • The simulation run on 2004-09-09 indicated a pressure reduction in the unitof 4 MPa at 600 Ma CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  4. What is “an Observation” • Observation act involves a procedureapplied at a specific time (Fowler & Odell, 1997ish) • The result of an observation is an estimate of some property • The observation domain is a feature of interest at some time • [0..*] locations may be of interest, associated with the procedure and feature of interest CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  5. Observed property • Observed property • Length, mass, temperature, shape • location, event-time, orientation • colour, chemical concentration • count/frequency, presence • species or kind (classification) • Expressed using a reference system or scale • Scale may also be ordinal or categorical • May require a complex structure • “Sensible”, but not necessarily physical … CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  6. Feature-of-interest • The observed property is associated with something • Location does not have properties, the substance or object at a location does • Observed property must be logically consistent with the feature-of-interest • E.g. rock-density, pixel-colour, city-population, ocean-surface-temperature • … i.e. the Observation “target” CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  7. Procedure • Instruments & Sensors • Respond to a stimulus from local physics or chemistry • Intention may concern local or remote source • Sample may be in situ or re-located CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  8. Generic pattern for observation metadata An Observation is an action whose result is an estimate of the valueof some Propertyof theFeature-of-interest,obtained using a specified Procedure Feature-of-interest concept reconciles remote and in-situ observations CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  9. When is this viewpoint interesting? • Primarily if the data-acquisition metadata is of concern CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  10. Specialize by result-type CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  11. Procedures are usually process chains • Procedure often includes data processing, to transform “raw” data to semantically meaningful values • Voltage  orientation • count  radiance  NDVI • Position + orientation  scene-location • Mercury meniscus level  temperature • Shape/colour/behaviour  species assignment • This requires consideration of “sensor”-models and calibrations CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  12. Advanced procedures • Modelling, simulation, classification are procedures • “raw” data == modeling constraints (sensor-outputs=process-inputs) • “processed” data == simulation results (outputs) • “interpreted” data == classification results (outputs) • SensorML provides a model and syntax for describing process-chains CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  13. feature of interest Feature-type is taken from a domain-model(e.g. Geology) Domain profile • procedure • Standard procedures, suitable for the property-type • observed property • Belongs to feature-of-interest-type CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  14. Digital object corresponding with identifiable, typed, object in the real world mountain, road, specimen, event, tract, catchment, wetland, farm, bore, reach, property, license-area, station Feature-type is characterised by a specific set of properties Specimen ID (name) description mass processing details sampling location sampling time related observation material … Conceptual object model: features CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  15. Geology domain model – (e.g. GeoSciML) • type(featureOfInterest) = any of these classes • observedProperty = any of these properties Borehole • collar location • shape • collar diameter • length • operator • logs • related observations • … Fault • shape • surface trace • displacement • age • … License area • issuer • holder • interestedParty • shape(t) • right(t) • … Ore-body • commodity • deposit type • host formation • shape • resource estimate • … Geologic Unit • classification • shape • sampling frame • age • dominant lithology • … CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  16. Some properties vary within a feature • colour of a Scene or Swath varies with position • shape of a Glacier varies with time • temperature at a Station varies with time • rock density varies along a Borehole • Variable values may be described as a Function on some axis of the feature • Corresponding Observation/result is a Function • if spatio-temporal also known as coverage or map CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  17. Proximate vs ultimate feature-of-interest The ultimate (project) thing of interest may not be directly or fully accessible • Sensed property is a proxy • e.g. want land-cover, observe colour • Post-processing required • FoI may change during processing – e.g. “scene”  “tract” • Proximate feature of interest embodies a sample design • Rock-specimen samples an ore-body or geologic unit • Well samples an aquifer • Profile samples an ocean/atmosphere column • Cross-section samples a rock-unit Some standard designs are common CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  18. Sampling Features model CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  19. Sampling Manifolds • Provide bounds-for sub-sampling, but not details of decomposition CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  20. Specimen • Specimens are SamplingFeatures used for ex-situ observation and analysis CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  21. Examples • The 7th banana weighed 270gm on the kitchen scales this morning • The attitude of the foliation at outcrop 321 of the Leederville Formation was 63/085, measured using a Brunton on 2006-08-08 • Specimen H69 was determined on 1999-01-14 by Amy Bachrach to be of the species Eucalyptus Caesia • IR image ASgh67c of Camp Iota was obtained by Aster in 2003 • Sample WMC997t collected at Empire Dam on 1996-03-30 was found to have 5.6 g/T Au as measured by ICPMS at ABC Labs on 1996-05-31 • The X-Z Geobarometer determined that the ore-body was at depth 3.5 km at -1.75 Ga • The simulation run on 2004-09-09 indicated a pressure reduction in the unit of 4 MPa at -600 Ma CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  22. Development and validation of O&M • Developed in the context of • XMML Geochemistry/Assay data • OGC Sensor Web Enablement – environmental and remote sensing • Subsequently applied in • Water resources/water quality (WQDP, AWDIP, WRON) • Oceans & Atmospheres (UK CLRC, UK Met Office) • Natural resources (NRML) • Taxonomic data (TDWG) • Geology field data (GeoSciML) • I could have put dozens of logos down here CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  23. Status • OGC Best Practice paper, r4 – 2006 • RFC 2007-02-08 • OGC RWG Adopted Specification – late 2007? • ISO Standard – 2008-9? • Adopted as a key aspect of GeoSciML CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  24. Exploration & Mining Simon Cox Research Scientist Phone: +61 8 6436 8639 Email: Simon.Cox@csiro.au Web: www.csiro.au/em Thank you Contact UsPhone: 1300 363 400 or +61 3 9545 2176Email: Enquiries@csiro.au Web: www.csiro.au

  25. A Row gives properties of one feature • A Column = variation of a single property across a domain (i.e. set of locations) “Cross-sections” through collections CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  26. Assignment of property values • For each property of a feature, the value is either • asserted • name, owner, price, boundary (cadastral feature types) • estimated • colour, mass, shape (natural feature types) • i.e. error in the value is of interest CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  27. Observations, features and coverages Same property onmultiple samplesis a another kindof coverage Multiple observations different features, one property:coverage evidence A property-valuemay be a coverage Multiple observations one feature, different properties:feature summary evidence Feature summary Property-valueevidence CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  28. getFeature, type=Observation WFS/Obs SOS getObservation getCoverage(result) getCoverage getResult WCS describeSensor getFeatureOfInterest Sensor Register getRecordById WFS getFeature Accessing data using the “Observation” viewpoint e.g. SOS::getResult == “convenience” interface for WCS CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  29. WFS getFeature getObservation(relatedObs) getCoverage WCS getResult(property value) Commondatasource getCoverage(property value) getFeature(featureOfInterest) getCoverage(result) SOS getObservation getRecordById (procedure) SensorRegister Accessing data using the “Sampling Feature Service” viewpoint WFS/SFS getFeature (sampling Feature) getFeature (coverage property value) getFeature (relatedObservation) CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  30. getResult(property value) SOS ?? WCS getCoverage(property value) Accessing data using the “Domain Feature” viewpoint WFS getFeature The “George Percivall preferred™” viewpoint #1– observations are property-value-providers for features CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  31. getResult (lots of ‘em)(range values) SOS WFS getFeature/geometry(domain exent) Accessing data using the “just the data” viewpoint WCS getCoverage The “George Percivall preferred™” viewpoint #2 – observations are range-value-providers for coverages CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  32. Conclusions • Different viewpoints of same information for different purposes • Summary vs. analysis • Some values are determined by observation • Sometimes the description of the estimation process is necessary • Transformation between views important • Management of observation evidence can be integrated • (Bryan Lawrence issues) • For rich data processing, rich data models are needed • Explicit or implicit • Data models (types, features) are important constraints on service specification CSIRO Generic Observations Model/NSF Obs Wkshp 2007

  33. Exploration & Mining Simon Cox Research Scientist Phone: +61 8 6436 8639 Email: Simon.Cox@csiro.au Web: www.csiro.au/em Thank you Contact UsPhone: 1300 363 400 or +61 3 9545 2176Email: Enquiries@csiro.au Web: www.csiro.au

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