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Household and family characteristics

UNECE Training Workshop on Census Questionnaire Design for SPECA member countries (Dushanbe, 12-16 March 2007). Household and family characteristics. Paolo Valente (UNECE). Content of presentation. 1) Main concepts and definitions: Private households Institutional households The homeless

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Household and family characteristics

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  1. UNECE Training Workshop on Census Questionnaire Design for SPECA member countries (Dushanbe, 12-16 March 2007) Household and family characteristics Paolo Valente (UNECE)

  2. Content of presentation 1) Main concepts and definitions: • Private households • Institutional households • The homeless • Family • Couple • Child • Reconstituted family

  3. Content of presentation 2) Measurement of characteristics: • Relationships between household members Approach 1) Relationship to the reference person Approach 2) Household relationship matrix • How to identify reconstituted families • Derived topics and classifications on F&H • Tenure status of households (core topic) • Other non-core topics on households

  4. Main concepts and definitions:Private household Two alternative concepts for private household “Housekeeping concept” is recommended: A private household is either: a) A one-person household, that is a person who lives alone in a separate housing unit or who occupies, as a lodger, a separate room (or rooms) of a housing unit but does not join with any of the other occupants of the housing unit to form part of a multi-person household…; or b) A multi-person household, that is a group of two or more persons who combine to occupy the whole or part of a housing unit and to provide themselves with food and possibly other essentials for living. Members of the group may pool their incomes to a greater or lesser extent.

  5. Main concepts and definitions:Private household “Housekeeping concept”  in 1 housing unit there could be more than 1 private households

  6. Main concepts and definitions:Private household Alternative approach “Household-dwelling concept”: All persons living in a housing unit are considered members of the same household There is one household per occupied housing unit  N. of occupied housing units = N. of households • Approach normally used by countries that CANNOT use “housekeeping concept” (i.e. register-based censuses)

  7. Main concepts and definitions:Private household Q.: What is the difference in the results depending on the two approaches?

  8. Main concepts and definitions:Private household Q.: What is the difference in the results depending on the two approaches? A.: Number of households will be larger when the housekeeping approach is adopted

  9. Main concepts and definitions:Private household Q.: What is the difference in the results depending on the two approaches? A.: Number of households will be larger when the housekeeping approach is adopted • The difference may not be very significant for the total number of households, but…  It may be relatively important for certain household types, like one-person households!

  10. Main concepts and definitions:Private household Summing up, for next census: Recommended use of “Housekeeping concept” For international comparability, if possible estimate number of private households according to “Household-dwelling concept”, by household size

  11. Main concepts and definitions:Private household Q.1: What approach did you follow in the last census, and what do you plan for the next census?

  12. Main concepts and definitions:Private household Q.1: What approach did you follow in the last census, and what do you plan for the next census? Q.2: If you plan to follow the “housekeeping unit” approach, could you estimate the number of private households according to “Household-dwelling concept”?

  13. Main concepts and definitions:Institutional household Definition: An institutional household comprises persons whose need for shelter and subsistence are provided by an institution • An institution is a legal body for the purpose of long-term inhabitation and provision of services to a group of persons • Institutions usually have common facilities shared by the occupants (baths, lounges, eating facilities, dormitories and so forth)

  14. Main concepts and definitions:Institutional household Main categories: (1)Residences for students; (2)Hospitals, establishments for the disabled, psychiatric institutions, old people’s homes etc.; (3)Assisted living facilities and welfare institutions including those for the homeless; (4)Military barracks; (5)Correctional and penal institutions; (6)Religious institutions; and (7)Worker dormitories.

  15. Main concepts and definitions:Institutional household IMPORTANT!!!  People who are normally members of private households but who are living in institutions are considered as members of institutional households if their actual or expectedabsence from a private household isMORE THAN ONE YEAR(general one-year rule for determiningplace of usual residence)

  16. Main concepts and definitions:Institutional household Attention!!!  There could be private households living in the premises of the institution! EXAMPLE: Employee of the institution living alone or with the family  It’s still a PRIVATE household It’s important to distinguish these private households from the population of institutional households  Useful tool: Living quarters validation instrument: Short questionnaire to identify nature and functions of institution, and presence of private households

  17. Main concepts and definitions:The homeless Some persons do not live in private or institutional households: the homeless • Phenomenon always existed in almost all countries, but INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT in many countries because: 1) Increasing number of homeless people 2) Increasing attention to their problems and needs

  18. Main concepts and definitions:The homeless Objection: It is VERY DIFFICULT to count homeless people in a census however: 1) Goal of the census is to count ALL PEOPLE who meet the one-year residence rule, INCLUDING HOMELESS 2) The census provides an opportunity to collect detailed information on this population group

  19. Main concepts and definitions:The homeless  Not only it is very difficult to COUNT homeless, but it is even difficulttoGIVE A DEFINITION of homeless • The definitioncould vary across countries, because of cultural differences and different perceptions

  20. Main concepts and definitions:The homeless CES Census Recommendations (para. 608): A homeless person can be broadly defined as a person who, because of the lack of housing, has no other option than to sleep: a) Rough or in buildings which were not designed for human habitation; b)In emergency centres, or night shelters; c)In emergency accommodation in hotels, guest houses or bed and breakfast; d)In hospitals due to a lack of decent shelter; or e) In accommodation temporarily provided by friends or relatives because of the lack of a permanent place to stay.

  21. Main concepts and definitions:The homeless CES Census Recommendations (para. 491): Two categories of homelessnesscan be considered: 1) Primary homelessness: Persons living in the street without a shelter that falls within the scope of living quarters (housing unit or collective living quarter) 2) Secondary homelessness: Persons with no place of usual residence who move frequently between various types of accommodations (including dwellings, institutions for the homeless or other living quarters). Includes persons living in private dwellings but reporting “no usual address” on their census form.

  22. Main concepts and definitions:Family CES Census Recommendations: A family nucleus is defined as two or more persons who live in the same household and who are related as: 1) husband and wife, or 2) cohabiting partners, or 3) marital (registered) same-sex couple, or 4) parent and child.

  23. Main concepts and definitions:Family CES Census Recommendations: Thus a FAMILY comprises: a) a couple without children, or b) a couple with one or more children, or c) a lone parent with one or more children.  NEW in 2010 CES Rec.: Countries may also include “skip generation households”, consisting of grandparent(s) and one or more grandchild(ren), but no parent of those grandchildren is present.

  24. Main concepts and definitions:Couple CES Census Recommendations: The term COUPLE includes: a) married couples, b) registered couples, and c) couples who live in a consensual union.  Partners in consensual union: - Have usual residence in the same household - Are not married to each other - Have a marriage-like relationship to each other

  25. Main concepts and definitions:Child CES Census Recommendations: CHILD refers to a blood, step- or adopted son or daughter (regardless of age or marital status) who has usual residence in the household of at least one of the parents, and who has no partner or own child(ren) in the same household.  NEW in 2010 CES Rec.: Grandsons and granddaughters who have usual residence in the household of at least one grandparent while there are no parents present may also be included.

  26. Main concepts and definitions:Reconstituted family CES Census Recommendations: A RECONSTITUTED FAMILY is a family consisting of a married or cohabiting couple or a marital (registered) same-sex couple, with one or more children, where at least one child is a non-common child, that is the child of only one member of the couple.  NEW in 2010 CES Rec.:If the other partner adopts the child of one partner later, the resulting family is no longer a reconstituted family.

  27. Main concepts and definitions:Reconstituted family CES Census Recommendations: A RECONSTITUTED FAMILY is a family consisting of a married or cohabiting couple or a marital (registered) same-sex couple, with one or more children, where at least one child is a non-common child, that is the child of only one member of the couple.  NEW in 2010 CES Rec.:If the other partner adopts the child of one partner later, the resulting family is no longer a reconstituted family.

  28. Measurement of characteristics:Relationships between household members • Very important CORE topic • Allows mapping household structure, identifying family nuclei and different types of households • Many derived topics and classifications, including household status and family status

  29. Measurement of characteristics:Relationships between household members Two alternative approaches: 1) Relationship to reference person • Traditional approach 2) Household relationship matrix • Innovative approach (new in 2010 CES Census Rec.)

  30. Measurement of characteristics:Relationships between household members 1) Relationship to reference person: For each household member, the relationship to the reference person is recorded Important issues: • Who should be selected as reference person? • Which relationships should be considered?

  31. Measurement of characteristics:Relationships between household members 1) Relationship to reference person Q.: Who should be selected as reference person?

  32. Measurement of characteristics:Relationships between household members 1) Relationship to reference person Q.: Who should be selected as reference person? Following approaches are NOT recommended: 1) The “head” of the household  Not appropriate 2) The oldest person  Not suitable for multi-generational households: better a person from the middle generation 3) The person with the highest income  Not necessarily the person with broadest range of kin relationships

  33. Measurement of characteristics:Relationships between household members 1) Relationship to reference person Q.: Who should be selected as reference person? A.: Criterion: the person assuring the broadest range of kin relationships, in this order: 1) The husband or the wife (if there is a married couple) 2) One of the two partner (if there is a consensual union) 3) The parent (if there is a one-parent family) 4) Any adult member (in all other cases)  In 2000 census round, in half of ECE countries, the household members choose and adult member as RP

  34. Measurement of characteristics:Relationships between household members 1) Relationship to reference person Relationships (recommended classification): (1.0) Reference person (RP) (2.0) RP’s spouse (3.0) RP’s partner in consensual union (cohabiting partner) (4.0) Child of RP and/or of husband/wife/cohabiting partner (5.0) Husband/wife or cohabiting partner of child of RP (6.0) Father or mother of RP, of spouse, or of cohabiting partner of RP (7.0) Other relative of RP, of spouse, or of cohabiting partner of RP (8.0) Non-relative of RP

  35. Measurement of characteristics:Relationships between household members 2) Household relationship matrix: For each household member, the relationship to ALL other members are recorded Relationships (recommended classification): (1.0) Other person's husband or wife (2.0) Other person's partner in consensual union (cohabiting partner) (3.0) Other person's child (4.0) Other person's father or mother (5.0) Other person's other relative (6.0) Non-relative of other person

  36. Measurement of characteristics:Relationships between household members Example ofHousehold relationship matrix:United Kingdom 2001 Census form (1/2)

  37. Measurement of characteristics:Relationships between household members Example ofHousehold relationship matrix:United Kingdom 2001 Census form (2/2)

  38. Measurement of characteristics:Relationships between household members 2) Household relationship matrix This approach potentially provides the most accurate information and allows mapping ALL household structures, including the most complex ones HOWEVER… Some countries had problems due toits complicated character!!!

  39. Measurement of characteristics:Relationships between household members 2) Household relationship matrix Some “reduced” versions of the method (less complicate) could be considered Examples: • Limit the matrix to certain members of the households (i.e. the adults, or the children) • Collect information only on selected relationships  Indicate for each household member the n. of mother or father (some CIS countries)

  40. Measurement of characteristics:Relationships between household members 2) Household relationship matrix  It is very important to TEST the method accurately before the census  If the test is OK and the method is feasible, then this is the recommended approach

  41. Measurement of characteristics:Relationships between household members • Summing up: 1) Relationship to reference person • PRO: Relatively easy to implement • CON: Provides limited information for complex households 2) Household relationship matrix • PRO: Provides complete information • CON: Could be complicate to implement  Needs to be carefully tested!!!

  42. Measurement of characteristics:How to identify reconstituted families Reminder: A RECONSTITUTED FAMILY is a couple with one or more children, where at least one child is a non-common child, that is the child of only one member of the couple

  43. Measurement of characteristics:How to identify reconstituted families • Four different approaches can be used, using different information: a) Household relationship matrix b) PARTIAL household relationship matrix: • Ask only to children information on relationship to all adults in the household

  44. Measurement of characteristics:How to identify reconstituted families c)Relationship to reference person, including: (4.1) Child of both the RP and his/her spouse/partner (4.2) Child of reference person only (4.3) Child of the reference person’s spouse/partner only  Does not work when RP is not parent of reconstituted fam.! d) Birth dates - Based on matching between: • Birth dates of all children present in the household, and • Birth dates of all natural children ever-born to each adult member of the household  Normally used in countries with register-based censuses

  45. Measurement of characteristics:Derived topics and classifications There are various topics that are DERIVED fromRelationships between householdmembersand other variables (marital status, age, etc.) Details and classifications can be found in the CES Census Recommendations

  46. Measurement of characteristics:Derived topics and classifications Main topics: Characteristics of PERSONS: • Household status (CORE topic) • Family status (CORE topic) Characteristics of FAMILY NUCLEI: • Type of family nucleus (CORE topic) • Type of reconstituted family (non core topic) • Size of family nucleus (CORE topic) Characteristics of PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS: • Type of private household (CORE topic) • Size of private household (CORE topic)

  47. Measurement of characteristics:Tenure status of households It refers to the arrangement under which a private household occupies all or part of a housing unit Recommended classification: (1.0) Households of which a member is the owner of the housing unit (2.0) Households of which a member is a tenant of all or part of the housing unit (3.0) Households occupying all or part of a housing unit under some other form of tenure

  48. Measurement of characteristics:Other non-core topics • Single or shared occupancy of the dwelling • Rent • Durable consumer goods possessed by the household (electrical appliances, TV, PC…) • Number of cars available for the use of the household • Availability of car parking • Telephone and internet connection

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