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The Evolution and Foundations of Neuroscience: Understanding the Brain and Behavior

This exploration delves into the multifaceted realm of neuroscience, examining the brain's structure and function from ancient views to contemporary research. Key topics include the role of curiosity, emotion, and learning in human nature, historical perspectives from Hippocrates to the Renaissance, and the evolution of brain localization theories by pioneers like Broca and Gall. It also addresses modern methodologies, such as imaging techniques and the use of animal models in research, aiming to illuminate how the nervous system influences behavior and leads to advancements in treating disorders.

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The Evolution and Foundations of Neuroscience: Understanding the Brain and Behavior

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Introduction • Various aspects of human nature • Curiosity, pain, pleasure, movement, reasoning, learning, memory, emotion, and madness • Neuroscience • Study of the brain • The Society for Neuroscience

  2. The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: Ancient Greece • Correlation between structure and function • Hippocrates • Brain: Involved in sensation; seat of intelligence

  3. The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Roman Empire • Views of Greek physician Galen: Localization of function • Cerebrum  Sensation • Cerebellum Motor • Ventricles ‘Communicating’ fluids

  4. The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Renaissance • Fluid-mechanical theory of brain function • Philosophical mind-brain problem

  5. The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Seventeenth andEighteenth Centuries • Gray matter and white matter

  6. The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: Renaissance to the Nineteenth Century • Gyri, sulci, and fissures

  7. The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Nineteenth Century • Central subdivision: brain and spinal cord • Peripheral division: network of nerves coursing through the body

  8. The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Nineteenth Century • Nerve as wires, understanding of electrical phenomena, nervous system can generate electricity • Bell and Magendie: Dorsal and ventral roots carry information in opposite directions

  9. The Origins of Neuroscience • Localization of Function in the Brain • Charles Bell • Cerebellum: Origin of the motor fibers • Cerebrum: Destination of sensory fibers • Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens • Experimental ablation method

  10. Localization of function from brain injury/stroke Example: Phineus Gage

  11. The Origins of Neuroscience • Localization of Function in the Brain (Cont’d) • Paul Broca • Discrete region of the human cerebrum for speech

  12. The Origins of Neuroscience • Localization of Function in the Brain • Franz Joseph Gall • Phrenology: Bumps on the surface of skull reflect brain surface and related personality traits

  13. The Origins of Neuroscience • Localization of Function in the Brain (Cont’d) • Regional specialization in different species

  14. The Origins of Neuroscience • Evolution of the Nervous System • Natural selection • Nervous systems of different species may share common mechanisms • Rationale for “animal models”

  15. The Origins of Neuroscience • The Neuron: The Basic Functional Unit of the Brain • Cell theory • Cells • Nerve cells

  16. Neuroscience Today • Reductionist approach • Levels of analysis • Molecular • Cellular • Systems • Behavioral • Cognitive

  17. Concluding Remarks • Goal of neuroscience:To learn how the nervous system functions • Brain’s activity reflected in behavior • Computer-assisted imaging techniques • New treatments for nervous system disorders • Non-invasive methods • Experiments in live tissue

  18. End of presentation

  19. The Origins of Neuroscience • Prehistoric ancestors • Brain vital to life • Skull surgeries • Evidence: Trepanation • Skulls show signs of healing • Views of ancient Egypt • Heart: Seat of soul and memory (not the head)

  20. Neuroscience Today • The Neuroscientist -Education, Training, Research experience -Clinical vs. Experimental research

  21. Neuroscience Today • Scientific Process • Observation • Replication • Interpretation • Verification

  22. Neuroscience Today • The Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research • Animals: Renewable natural resources • The more basic the process under investigation, the more distant the evolutionary relationship with humans • Examples (from simple to more complex) - nematodes, insects, snails, squid, rodents, monkeys, etc.

  23. Neuroscience Today • The Cost of Ignorance: Nervous System Disorders

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