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Mechanisms of Metabolism: Physiological Effects

Mechanisms of Metabolism: Physiological Effects. M. Burns FCS 4753. Session Outcome. List at least 2 nutritional implications due to the physiological effects of the chronic alcohol use on each section of the digestive system and ancillary organs presented. Affected Systems.

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Mechanisms of Metabolism: Physiological Effects

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  1. Mechanisms of Metabolism: Physiological Effects M. Burns FCS 4753

  2. Session Outcome • List at least 2 nutritional implications due to the physiological effects of the chronic alcohol use on each section of the digestive system and ancillary organs presented. M. Burns, 2008

  3. Affected Systems • Central nervous system, including the brain • Circulatory system • Immune system • Skelto-muscular • Reproductive • Digestive M. Burns, 2008

  4. Physiological Effects: Central Nervous System • Motor & cognitive dysfunction • Slows reaction time, hinders coordination • Amnesia, hallucinations, dulls senses, depression, dementia • Polyneuritis – shrinking of brain cells as they die from the effects of the alcohol (related to vitamin B deficiencies) M. Burns, 2008

  5. Alcohol’s Effect on the Brain M. Burns, 2008

  6. Physiological Effects: Circulatory System • Absorbed directly into bloodstream • Cardiomyopathy • More common in men and African Americans with onset age of 40. • Leads to congestive heart failure • Coronary artery disease M. Burns, 2008

  7. Physiological Effects: Immune System • Protein, vitamin B6, and Zinc deficiency • Depresses function • Impairment to bone marrow • Decreases white blood cells • Liver damage • Impairs immunoglobulin production M. Burns, 2008

  8. Physiological Effects: Skelto-Muscular System • Muscle wasting due to muscle being used as an energy source. • Myopathy, or muscle pain • Osteoporosis (reduction in bone mass) • Osteomalacia (softening of the bones) M. Burns, 2008

  9. Physiological Effects: Male Reproductive System • Lowers sperm count/possible infertility • Testicular atrophy • Decreased testosterone, increased estrogen • Impotence desire performance M. Burns, 2008

  10. Physiological Effects: Female Reproductive System • Amenorrhea • Infertility • Increased risk of breast cancer, especially if on hormone replacement therapy • Increased severity of PMS symptoms • Fetal alcohol syndrome • Spontaneous abortion M. Burns, 2008

  11. M. Burns, 2008

  12. Factors Influencing Absorption • Alcohol content of beverage • Total alcohol consumption • Drinking rate • Presence/absence of food in stomach • Carbonation • Body composition • Gender Hatcher, 2008

  13. Alcohol Metabolism Alcohol Alert #72, 2007

  14. MEOS Overflow Pathway M. Burns, 2008

  15. Emerging Research • Alcohol Clamp Method • Alcohol given in IV to circumvent alcohol absorption • Cloned cells • Expose cells to alcohol and investigate metabolic pathways Alcohol Alert #72, 2007

  16. Physiological/Metabolic: Mouth • Deficient care and neglect • Trauma (fighting) • Inflammation • Periodontal disease • Gum infection, impaired healing, hypersensitivity M. Burns, 2008

  17. Physiological Effects: Esophagus • Irritates and inflames • Damages lower esophageal sphincter • Nausea and vomiting, chronic heartburn • Enlarged veins which can rupture during vomiting – esophageal varices • Impairs peristalsis M. Burns, 2008

  18. Physiological Effects: Stomach • Alcoholic gastritis • painful, burning sensation • Interferes with gastric acid secretions • Impaired lining • peptic ulcers, internal bleeding • Inflammation M. Burns, 2008

  19. Physiological Effects: Intestines • 80% of alcohol absorbed here • Lactase synthesis is decreased • Duodenal-gastric reflux/ulcer • Increased permeability of lining • Diarrhea (‘rum runs’) • Hyper/hypomotility of nutrients M. Burns, 2008

  20. Ancillary Digestive Organs • Pancreas • Liver • Kidneys M. Burns, 2008

  21. Physiological Effects: Pancreas • Pancreatitis • pancreatic enzymes begin to digest the pancreas • severe upper abdominal pain • vomiting • abdominal muscle spasms M. Burns, 2008

  22. Physiological Effects: Liver • Impaired detox results in • Fatty acid synthesis • Impaired gluconeogenesis • Impaired protein synthesis • Inefficient use of calories M. Burns, 2008

  23. Liver Dysfunction Fatty liver Alcoholic Hepatitis Cirrhosis Alcohol Alert #64, 2005

  24. Diagnosing Alcoholic Liver Disease • GGT (gamma glutamyltransferase) • AST (aspartate aminotransferase) • ALT (alanine aminotransferase) Alcohol Alert #64, 2005

  25. Physiological Effects: Kidneys • Suppressed antidiuretic hormone • Increased urinary output but decreased output of sodium and potassium • Increased insulin secretions due to CHO in alcohol • Lowered levels of parathyroid hormone • Inflammation of nephrons • Frequent infections M. Burns, 2008

  26. Moment of Application • In a group of 3, list at least 2 nutritional implications due to the physiological effects of the chronic alcohol use on each section of the digestive system and ancillary organs presented. M. Burns, 2008

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