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Student Development Theoretical PErspective

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Student Development Theoretical PErspective. Instructor Course. Introduction. Student development theory and research is the basis of the student affairs profession in the college setting.

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Student Development Theoretical PErspective
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  1. Student DevelopmentTheoretical PErspective InstructorCourse

  2. Introduction • Student development theory and research is the basis of the student affairs profession in the college setting. • It provides us with data that allows us to place students we work with on a scale of “human development continuum” (DiCaprio 1974, as sited in Forney, Evans & GuidoDiBrito, 1998)

  3. Schools of thought • Four main schools of thought: • Psychological theories • Cognitive and Moral Development theories • Typology Theories • Person-Environment Theories

  4. Psychological Theories • Personal and interpersonal perspective to development • Biological and psychological convergence (Evans, Forney, & Guido-DiBrito, 1998)

  5. Erik Erikson’s Eight stages of identity development • Infancy: trust vs. mistrust • Younger years: Autonomy vs. shame • Early Childhood: Initiative vs. guilt • Middle Childhood: Industry vs. Inferiority • Adolescence: Identity vs. diffusion • Early Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation • Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation • Later Adulthood: Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson,1959)

  6. Arthur Chickering The seven vectors • Developing Competence • Managing Emotions • Moving through autonomy • Developing mature interpersonal Relationships • Establishing identity • Developing purpose • Developing integrity (Chickering, 1990)

  7. Janet Helms • Phase 1: Abandonment of Racism • Status 1: Contact • Status 2: Disintegration • Status 3: Reintegration • Phase 2: Defining a Nonracist White Identity • Status 4: Pseudo-Independence • Status 5: Immersion-Emersion • Status 6: Autonomy

  8. Cognitive and Moral Development • These theories study the world view of individuals • How individuals develop cognitively and intellectually • It is a study of process not content (Evans et al.,1998)

  9. William Perry Scheme of Intellectual and Ethical Development, 9 stages in three groups: (Perry, 1970)

  10. Lawrence Kohlberg Six stages in three levels • Pre-conventional • Stage 1:  Egotistical Morality • Stage 2:  Relative, Instrumental Morality • Conventional • Stage 3:  Behavioral Morality • Stage 4:  Legal Morality • Post Conventional • Stage 5:  Social Morality • Stage 6:  of Universal Morality

  11. Carol Gilligan Three levels with two transition periods: • Level 1:  Orientation to Individual Survival • Transition 1:  From Selfishness to Responsibility • Level 2:  Goodness as Self-Sacrifice • Transition 2:  From Goodness to Truth • Level 3:  The Morality of Nonviolence

  12. Typological Theories • These theories are primarily concerned with individual differences and how different people view and interpret the world around them (Evans et al.,1998).

  13. John Holland Six personality types: • Realistic • Investigative • Artistic • Social • Enterprising • Conventional

  14. David Kolb Learning Styles: • Diverging • Assimilating • Converging • Accommodating

  15. Myers-Briggs The four dichotomies: • Extraversion/Introversion • Sensing/Intuitive • Thinking/Feeling • Judging/Perceiving

  16. Person-Environment Theories • These theories examine the relationship between the individual and his/her environment and how one interact and affect the other

  17. Alexander Astin • Three elements: I-E-O • Inputs • Environment • Outcomes • Involvement • Investment of psychosocial and physical energy • Involvement is continuous, students invest varying energy • Involvement has qualitative and quantitative features • Development directly proportional to quality and quantity of involvement • Educational effectiveness is related to level of student involvement

  18. Vincent Tinto • Pre-entry Attributes • Goals/Commitments • Institutional Experiences • Integration • Outcomes

  19. Ernest Pascarella Five sets of variables • Student Background/Pre-college Traits • Structural/Organizational Characteristics • Institutional Environments • Interactions with Agents of Socialization • Quality of Student Effort

  20. References Chickering, A. W. (1990). Education and Identity. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Evans, N.J., Forney, D.S., & Guido-DiBrito, F.  (1998).  Student development in college: Theory, research, and practice.  San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Pascarella, E.T., & Terenzini, P.T.  (2005).  How college affects students: A third decade of research. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

  21. References Perry, W. G. (1970). Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years: A scheme. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Sandeen, A. (1991). The Professional Student Affairs Administrator. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.