1. Native Americans

2. Plain Indians • Lived in communities of farmers& hunters • Live in extended family networks • Women: domestic tasks • Men: hunting, trading • Religion based on belief in spiritual beings

3. Southern Plains Indian tribes during the Red River War and location of reservations. Map courtesy of the Texas Historical Commission.

4. Kiowa and Cheyenne leaders pose in the White House conservatory with Mary Todd Lincoln (standing far right) on March 27, 1863, during meetings with President Abraham Lincoln, who hoped to prevent their lending aid to Confederate forces. The two Cheyenne chiefs seated at the left front, War Bonnet and Standing In the Water, would be killed the next year in the Sand Creek Massacre.

5. Losing Buffalos

6. Buffaloooosssss • Before American settlers came there was almost 60 million buffalo in Great Plains • During the Civil War, troops hired buffalo hunters to find everyone food • People in the east also wanted the fur in order to make coats and robes • Soon people used bones for fertilizer, skin for factory belts and tongues as a delicacy at restaurants "Let them kill, skin, and sell until the buffalo is exterminated, as it is the only way to bring lasting peace and allow civilization to advance."- General Philip Sheridan

7. The threat of Indian raids was a constant source of anxiety for settlers on the Texas frontier, particularly after U.S. troops left Texas during the Civil War years.

8. A Kiowa ledger drawing possibly depicting the Buffalo Wallow battle in 1874, one of several clashes between Southern Plains Indians and the U.S. Army during the Red River War.

9. Bye, Bye Buffalo  • Indians became increasingly resentful as they watched their main source of sustenance dwindle at the hands of the white man. • This led to more and more Indian attacks resulting in U.S Army retaliation to the height of Indian Wars • Decided to separate the Indians from the rest of civilization by placing them on reservations. • In order to do this, U.S Army aggressively pursued to eliminate all buffalo so the Indians could not survive on their own • By 1884 the great era of the buffalo ended and nothing remained but a pile of bones and less than 2,000 surviving buffalo in the U.S

10. Rath & Wright's buffalo hide yard, showing 40,000 buffalo hides baled for shipment. Dodge City, Kansas, 1878.

12. Sand Creek Massacre • Nov 29, 1864 • 700 man force of Colorado militia attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho territory • General Black Kettle • Killed over 160 Indians -2/3 women & children

13. Native Americans

14. Kiowa brave. Tow-An-Kee, son of Lone Wolf. Killed in Texas in 1873. Photo, ca. 1867-1874, courtesy of the Center for American History, Caldwell Collection (#03962), The University of Texas at Austin. Kiowa camp, ca. 1867-1874. Photograph courtesy of the Center for American History, Frank Caldwell Collection (#10187), The University of Texas at Austin.

15. Topin Tone-oneo, daughter of Kicking Bird. The only one of the great Kiowa chief's children to survive him, she was with the first group sent to Carlisle Indian School in 1879. Source: http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/forts/indians.html Indians at Fort Marion. Indians of various tribes who were captured in the Texas Red River Wars and other Indian battles of the late 19th century were imprisoned at this Florida military fort. Photo ca. 1860s-1930s, courtesy the National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution (Lot 90-1 INV 09854500). Source: http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/forts/indians.html

16. Pupils at Carlisle Indian school, Pennsylvania. Established in 1879 by Richard Pratt, the school attempted to assimilate Indian children into the "white man's world" through education and financial support. Among its students were four of Comanche chief Quanah Parker's children and those of others involved in the Texas Indian Wars. Source: http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/forts/indians.html