Using SAS/Graph to Display Performance and Capacity Data

1. Using SAS/Graph to Display Performance and Capacity Data Richard S. Ralston

2. Abstract This presentation shows a few useful tips and information for developing graphs using SAS/Graph. The presentation then focuses on building and using heat charts to display performance and capacity data in an interesting and usable manner. Heat charts provide the ability to visualize 3 dimensional data in 2 dimensions. The techniques used are platform independent, although the work was done on the z/OS platform.

3. What You Need to Develop Graphs • SAS Base • SAS Graph • Online Resources: A list at the end and throughout this presentation • Patience!!

4. Useful Stuff • ODS • Styles • GOPTIONS • Generating a Graph • Colors • Better Axis Labels

5. ODS (Output Delivery System) 1 • Provides enhanced formatting and report grouping capability for SAS output • Part of SAS base • Version 7 and earlier was printer oriented • PDF was an option • Started in SAS version 8 • Build Web output (HTML, Java, etc.) • In SAS 9 and beyond ODS becomes even more essential for delivering output • ODS provides the structure and format for output • Good Source: Output Delivery System: The Basics, Lauren E. Haworth, SAS Publishing, 2001 • Online SAS 9 manuals available at: http://support.sas.com/onlinedoc/913/docMainpage.jsp

6. ODS 2 ODS HTML BODY="CECLPBY“ (URL="'RSR1413.CAPRPTS.HTML(CECLPBY)'") CONTENTS="CECLPBYC“ (URL="'RSR1413.CAPRPTS.HTML(CECLPBYC)'") FRAME="CECLPBYF" (URL="'RSR1413.CAPRPTS.HTML(CECLPBYF)'" TITLE="CPC CPU Utilization By LPAR" ) PATH=sasrpt GPATH=sasgif (URL="'RSR1413.CAPRPTS.GIF(CECLPBY)'") ANCHOR="ANCHOR" RECORD_SEPERATOR=NONE GTITLE STYLE=styles.test ; Sample ODS HTML Statement, z/OS oriented for PDSE

7. ODS 3 ODS LISTING CLOSE; Insert graph proc here ODS HTML CLOSE; ODS LISTING;

8. Style Templates • Define the style (look) of the output • Handful of predefined Styles • Not well documented • PROC TEMPLATE used to create/modify styles • http://support.sas.com/rnd/base/topics/templateFAQ/Template.html • Output Delivery System: The Basics, Lauren E. Haworth, SAS Publishing, 2001 • Instant ODS: Style Templates for the SAS Output Delivery System, Bernadette Johnson, SAS Publishing, 2003 • Web Development with SAS by Example, Frederick E. Pratter, SAS Publishing, 2003

9. Graphics Options %MACRO gopts (x=1000,y=620); GOPTIONS RESET=ALL; GOPTIONS DEVICE=GIF NOCHARACTERS GUNIT=PT AUTOSIZE=OFF BORDER CTEXT = BLUE CBACK = WHITE XPIXELS=&x YPIXELS=&y HTEXT = 10 HTITLE = 16 COLORS=(BLACK RED GREEN BLUE PURPLE VIOLET ORANGE YELLOW PINK CYAN MAGENTA BROWN GOLD LIME GRAY LILAC MAROON SALMON TAN CREAM LTGRAY VILG /*vivid yellow green*/ VIG /*vivid green*/ STR /*strong red*/ MOOL /*moderate olive*/ VIB /*vivid blue*/ BIP /*brilliant purple*/ VIY /*vivid yellow*/ VIBG /*vivid bluish green*/ BIV /*brilliant violet*/ VIYPK /*vivid yellowish pink*/ VIRO); /*vivid reddish orange*/ %MEND gopts;

10. %gopts; TITLE1 COLOR=BLUE HEIGHT=14 'MSU Usage'; TITLE2 COLOR=BLUE HEIGHT=11 "&daydate"; FOOTNOTE1 JUSTIFY=LEFT COLOR=BLUE HEIGHT=8 FONT=SWISS 'Source: SMF/MICS DETAIL2.HARCPUnn Data'; SYMBOL1 COLOR=MAGENTA INTERPOL=JOIN HEIGHT=5 VALUE=DOT; SYMBOL2 COLOR=GREEN INTERPOL=JOIN HEIGHT=5 VALUE=DIAMOND; SYMBOL3 COLOR=ORANGE INTERPOL=JOIN WIDTH=2 VALUE=NONE; SYMBOL4 COLOR=RED INTERPOL=JOIN WIDTH=3 VALUE=NONE; AXIS1 LABEL=(ANGLE=90 HEIGHT=12 FONT=SWISSB 'MSU Consumption') VALUE=(FONT=SWISS HEIGHT=9); AXIS2 ORDER=('00:00:00'T TO '24:00:00'T BY '01:00:00'T) VALUE=(ANGLE=90 FONT=SWISS HEIGHT=9) LABEL=(FONT=SWISSB HEIGHT=12 'Time of Day'); LEGEND1 FRAME CBORDER=BLUE LABEL=NONE VALUE=(HEIGHT=8 FONT=SWISSB); PROC GPLOT DATA=lpar; PLOT (lparlac lparused lpardef lparmsu)*time / NAME='MSULP' DES='#BYVAL(lparname)' OVERLAY HAXIS=AXIS2 VAXIS=AXIS1 HMINOR=3 VMINOR=9 VZERO AUTOVREF LVREF=1 CVREF=BLUE CAXIS=BLUE CTEXT=BLUE LEGEND=LEGEND1; BY lparname; RUN; QUIT; Generating a Graph

11. Graphics Web Page

12. Colors • GIF defaults to Black, Red, Green, Blue, Cyan, Magenta, Gray, Pink, Orange, Brown, White • Broad spectrum of colors available • Specify the ones you want in GOPTIONS • Already demonstrated • http://support.sas.com/onlinedoc/913/getDoc/en/graphref.hlp/colors-specify-color.htm • Good Documentation • http://ftp.sas.com/techsup/download/sample/graph/other-colors.html • Program to display a palette of colors - FULLPALT • Autolib member COLORMAC • Macros to custom define colors

13. FULLPALT - Output 16 pages of output, Run in PC SAS

14. COLORMAC - Color Definition Macros • Define custom colors • Macro is in SAS Autolib • Contains many macros to help define colors • Documentation is inside COLORMAC • One line of source code is > 72 characters • To access from z/OS use the following code to load it: %LET OPT_S2= %SYSFUNC(GETOPTION(S2)); /* GET CURRENT S2= OPTION */ OPTIONS S2=0; /* RESET TO ZERO */ %INCLUDE 'SAS.AUTOLIB(COLORMAC)'; OPTIONS S2=&OPT_S2; /* RESTORE OPTION */ /* now you can invoke macros from COLORMAC member */ Thanks to Scott Barry – SBBWorks, Inc.

15. Workload Utilization - Traditional

16. Workload Utilization - Better

17. X Axis code %MACRO xaxis; %DO i=1 %TO 124; &&laxis&i %END; %MEND xaxis; DATA _NULL_; DO i = 1 to 124; IF MOD(i,4) = 0 THEN DO; q=i/4; IF q>24 THEN q=q-24; CALL SYMPUT('laxis‘ || LEFT(i),"'“ || TRIM(LEFT(PUT(q,2.))) || "'"); END; ELSE CALL SYMPUT('laxis‘ || LEFT(i),"'“ || ' ‘ || "'"); END; AXIS2 ORDER=("&begxg"DT TO "&endx"DT BY '00:15:00'T) LABEL=(HEIGHT=10 FONT=SWISSB 'Time of Day') VALUE=(HEIGHT=7 FONT=SWISS %xaxis);

18. Heat Chart! The chart uses colorto represent ranges of values. The colors in this example range from blue (cool colors) for low values to reds (intense) for high values. You can display a lot of data in a single chart. Visualization of Performance Data – James Holtman, CMG2005 Used without permission

19. Value of Heat Charts • Show 3 dimensional data in 2 dimensions • Visual representation • Quick view of data • You’ve seen them for temperature maps of the US in Newspapers • They have also been used in topographic maps to show altitude.

20. Currently Developed and Used Heat Charts • Monthly CPU Utilization • By LPAR • BY CEC • Month to Date CPU Utilization • 30 Busiest DASD Devises • Daily by SYSPLEX and LPAR • MSU Usage by Workload • Daily by LPAR • WLM Service Class Performance Index • Daily by LPAR

21. z/Series CPU Usage Heat Charts

22. Monthly LPAR MSU Usage

23. Monthly CPC MSU Usage

24. Month to Date Views

25. Busy Disks 1

26. Busy Disks 2

27. Busy Disks 3

28. Workload Utilization – Heat Chart

29. WLM Service Class Performance Index

30. How Do You Make a Heat Chart? • Not a lot of SAS documentation available • Started with PROC GCONTOUR • Doesn’t work right • Will develop the table ranges correctly, but if no data exists for a given data range, GCONTOUR will ‘slide’ down the color symbols list • Example: For 20 levels if there is no data for level 10 then level 11 gets the level 10’s color, level 12 get sthe level 11 color, etc. however the legend shows all level colors correctly • SAS problem • Tips and Tricks: Using SAS/Graph Effectively • A. Darrell Massengill, SAS • http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi30/090-30.pdf • http://support.sas.com/rnd/papers/sugi30/sasgraph_src.zip - source code for graphs in paper

31. GCONTOUR Sample PROC GCONTOUR example 4.

32. Inspiration!

33. Spectrum.sas Output

34. Determining Heat Range Colors

35. GOPTIONS DEV=gif COLORS=(BWH /*bluish white*/ VPAB /*very pale blue*/ VLIB /*very light blue*/ LIB /*light blue*/ STB /*strong blue*/ PALG /*pale yellow green*/ LILG /*light yellow green*/ BILG /*brilliant yellow green*/ VILG /*vivid yellow green*/ GREEN %cns (light yellow) GOLD %cns (yellowish orange) ORANGE %cns (reddish orange) LIYPK /*Light yellowish pink*/ STYPK /*strong yellowish pink*/ VIYPK /*vivid yellowish pink*/ RED STR /*strong red*/ WHITE BLACK); Heat Range Colors The %cns macro is defined in the COLORMAC macro definitions. The best usage documentation is inside COLORMAC.

36. Building Heat Charts • Customized levels for each chart requires a separate invocation of PROC GPLOT for each chart. • Build a macro to generate heat charts, customizing the axis's and legend (levels) • Using PROC GPLOT • Assume each level is a separate line • Plotting 20 lines (1 per level) maximum • No connecting line between points • 20 overlapping scatter plots

37. Code 1 Determine level PROC SUMMARY DATA=cpusage; VAR hwmsu; BY sysname; OUTPUT MAX(hwmsu)=maxhwmsu OUT=maxmsu; DATA cpusage2; MERGE cpusage maxmsu; BY sysname; level=INT(usedmsu/(maxhwmsu/20))+1; incr=maxhwmsu/20; *level=INT(usedmsu/ROUND(maxhwmsu/20))+1; IF level=21 THEN level=20;

38. Code 2 Graphics Setup FOOTNOTE1 JUSTIFY=LEFT COLOR=BLUE HEIGHT=8 FONT=SWISS 'Source: SMF/MICS DETAIL2.HARCPU99/WLMSEC99 Data'; AXIS1 LABEL=(HEIGHT=12 FONT=SWISSB 'Time of Day') ORDER=('00:00:00'T TO '24:00:00'T BY '1:00:00'T) MINOR=(NUMBER=3 COLOR=BLUE) MAJOR=(COLOR=BLUE) VALUE=(ANGLE=90 FONT=SWISS HEIGHT=9); AXIS2 VALUE=(FONT=SWISS HEIGHT=8) MAJOR=(COLOR=BLUE) ORDER=("&sdate"D TO "&edate"D) MINOR=NONE LABEL=(ANGLE=90 HEIGHT=12 FONT=SWISSB 'Date'); TITLE1 COLOR=BLUE HEIGHT=16 FONT=SWISSB 'Monthly Plot of MSU Usage'; TITLE2 COLOR=BLUE HEIGHT=14 FONT=SWISSB "For the Month of &month &year"; SYMBOL1 INTERPOL=NONE VALUE=U FONT=MARKER H=8.5; %MACRO lgnd; %DO i=1 %TO 20; &&lval&i %END; %MEND lgnd; %lgnd macro used to display legend values.

39. Code 3 %MACRO heat (system=); DATA plot2; SET cpusage2 END=eof; IF sysname=:"&system" THEN OUTPUT; IF eof THEN DO; date="&edate"D; time=.; sysname="&system"; DO level = 1 to 20; OUTPUT; END; END; DATA _NULL_; SET plot2; BY date; IF onetime THEN DO; RETAIN onetime 1; onetime=0; CALL SYMPUT('maxmsu',PUT(maxhwmsu,6.)); CALL SYMPUT('sysname',PUT(sysname,$4.)); incr=maxhwmsu/20; DO i = 1 to 20; CALL SYMPUT('lval'||LEFT(i), "'"||'< '||TRIM(LEFT(PUT(ROUND(i*incr),COMMA6.)))||"'"); END; END; RUN; Build Chart Macro Prime the data with a data point for each level to guarantee all will be used. Build the legend values.

40. Code 4 LEGEND1 FRAME CBORDER=BLUE VALUE=(HEIGHT=9 FONT=SWISS %lgnd) LABEL=(HEIGHT=9 FONT=SWISSB 'Used HW MSUs'); TITLE3 COLOR=BLUE HEIGHT=12 FONT=SWISSB "&sysname"; %LET days=%SYSEVALF("&edate"D-"&sdate"D+1); %LET note=1; %IF &days<31 & &maxmsu<1000 %THEN %DO; %LET loop=%SYSEVALF(31-&days); %DO i=1 %TO &loop; %LET note=%EVAL(&note+1); FOOTNOTE&note FONT=SWISS HEIGHT=9 ' '; %END; %END; %IF &days<30 & &maxmsu>1000 %THEN %DO; %LET loop=%SYSEVALF(30-&days); %DO i=1 %TO &loop; %LET note=%EVAL(&note+1); FOOTNOTE&note FONT=SWISS HEIGHT=9 ' '; %END; %END; Adding footnotes to fill up the graph area. In some cases, thin white lines appeared between the rows.

41. Code 5 PROC GPLOT DATA=plot2; PLOT date*time=level / SKIPMISS AUTOVREF VZERO NAME='MHEAT' DES="&sysname" HAXIS=AXIS1 VAXIS=AXIS2 LVREF=1 CVREF=WHITE CAXIS=BLUE CTEXT=BLUE LEGEND=LEGEND1; RUN;QUIT; %IF &note>1 %THEN %DO; FOOTNOTE2; /*Remove extra footnotes */ %END; %MEND heat;

42. Code 6 ODS LISTING CLOSE; /* SYSA */ %heat (system=SYSA); /* SYSD */ ODS PROCLABEL=' '; %heat (system=SYSD); /* SYSF */ ODS PROCLABEL=' '; %heat (system=SYSF); /* SYSI */ ODS PROCLABEL=' '; %heat (system=SYSI); /* SYSS */ ODS PROCLABEL=' '; %heat (system=SYSS); /*wrap up*/ ODS HTML CLOSE; ODS LISTING; Invoke macro for each chart

43. Disk Code 1 drive= devaddr || '-' || volser; .... PROC SORT DATA=dvamax; BY sysname drive; DATA dvamax; RETAIN ricknum; SET dvamax; BY sysname drive; IF FIRST.sysname THEN ricknum=0; ricknum+1; .... %MACRO yaxis; %DO i=1 %TO &tot; &&yaxis&i %END; %MEND yaxis; .... The y axis values must be numeric for plotting. Therefore they are assigned a value (ricknum). %yaxis macro to place real y axis labels on the axis.

44. Disk Code 2 DATA _NULL_; SET plot2 END=eof; BY ricknum; IF onetime THEN DO; RETAIN onetime 1; onetime=0; CALL SYMPUT('sysname',PUT(sysname,$4.)); incr=maxsscrt/20; DO i = 1 to 20; CALL SYMPUT('lval'||LEFT(i), "'"||'< '||TRIM(LEFT(PUT(ROUND(i*incr),COMMA6.)))||"'"); END; END; IF FIRST.ricknum THEN CALL SYMPUT(‘yaxis'||LEFT(ricknum),"'"||TRIM(LEFT(drive))||"'"); IF eof THEN DO; CALL SYMPUT('tot',LEFT(ricknum)); END; RUN; .... Building legend values for the %lgnd macro. Assign y axis labels for the %yaxis macro.

45. Disk Code 3 LEGEND1 FRAME CBORDER=BLUE VALUE=(HEIGHT=9 FONT=SWISS %lgnd) LABEL=(HEIGHT=9 FONT=SWISSB 'Start IOs per Second'); AXIS2 VALUE=(FONT=SWISS HEIGHT=8 %yaxis) ORDER=(1 TO &tot BY 1) MINOR=NONE MAJOR=(COLOR=BLUE) LABEL=(ANGLE=90 HEIGHT=10 FONT=SWISSB 'Disk Drive'); .... Similar PROC GPLOT code goes here

46. Where Am I Going Next • Templates • Convince SAS that GCONTOUR has a problem • Keep refining heat range colors & ranges • Other Uses • Monthly & MTD views of various applications • CICS & DB2 transaction volumes • Daily – top 30 Transactions • Monthly & MTD usage patterns • Response time? • Temp/workspace usage?

47. Thanks! • Patricia Wingfield • Scott Barry • Al Sherkow • James Holtman • Various SAS support people

48. rralston@humana.com cyclotourist@bellsouth.net Contact info

49. Additional Documentation Sources • SAS Documentation - http://support.sas.com/onlinedoc/913/docMainpage.jsp • SAS – Michael Hines, Richard S. Ralston - http://www.cmg.org/measureit/issues/mit35/m_35_11.html • Show Your Graphs and Tables at Their Best on the Web with ODS, Francesca Pierri, LeRoy Bessler - http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi27/p220-27.pdf • Web Communication Effectiveness: Design and Methods to Get the Best out of ODS, SAS, and SAS/Graph, LeRoy Bessler - http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi28/130-28.pdf • Inform and Influence with Image and Data: Communication-effective Web Design for ODS, SAS, and SAS/Graph, LeRoy Bessler - http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi27/p139-27.pdf