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BRYOPHYTES

BRYOPHYTES. MOSSES -well adapted to wet, nutrient poor soil. -can tolerate low temperatures -can grow in harsh conditions where other plants can’t grow -are the most abundant plant in the polar regions. .

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BRYOPHYTES

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  1. BRYOPHYTES • MOSSES -well adapted to wet, nutrient poor soil. -can tolerate low temperatures -can grow in harsh conditions where other plants can’t grow -are the most abundant plant in the polar regions.

  2. -vary in appearance from miniature evergreen trees to small, filimentous plant together form a thread like carpet. -the moss plants we observe in our environment are clumps of gametophytes growing close together. -each moss plant has a thin upright shoot that looks like a stem with tiny leaves – these are not true stems or leaves b/c they do not contain vascular tissue. -When mosses reproduce the produce thin stalks, each containing a capsule – sporophyte stage.

  3. Leaves – only one cell thick – loss water quickly if the surrounding air is dry. • Rhizoids – not true roots – absorb water and nutrients from the soil -water moves from cell to cell through the rhizoids and into the rest of the plant. -anchor the gametophyte to the soil

  4. BRYOPHYTES • Dependence on water: -for fertilization to occur the sperm must swim to the egg – this requires water. -b/c of this dependence on water bryophytes must live in habitats where water is available.

  5. Asexual or Sexual Reproduction • Sexual Reproduction -gametophyte/ sporophyte life cycle Asexual Reproduction -vegatively – a piece of the plant falls off and falls to the soil and begins to grown

  6. HUMAN USES OF MOSSES ★Most mosses can absorb many times their own weight in water and therefore act as a natural sponge. ★In certain environments the dead remains of sphagnum moss accumulates to form thick deposits of peat. -Peat can be cut from the ground and used as a fuel.

  7. -peat is used by gardeners b/c it improves the soils ability to retain water. • -can be added to soil to • __________the pH. Some plants grow well in ______ soil.

  8. LIVERWORTS • -look like flat leaves attached to the ground. • -some species resemble the shape of a liver • -the gametophytes form broad and thin structures that draw up water directly from the surface of the soil. • Found only in soil that is damp yr round. • A mature plant will produce a structure that looks like a tiny green umbrella – these structures produce the sperm and eggs.

  9. HORNWORTS • -only found in soils that are damp year round • -the gametophyte looks very similar to the gametophyte of a liverwort. • The sporophyte looks like a tiny green horn.

  10. Kingdom Plantae PHYLUMs of Nonvascular plans: -Bryophyta ( Moss) -Hepaticophyta (Liverworts) -Anthcerophta (Hornworts).

  11. BREAK • BREATHE, BREATHE, BREATHE.

  12. 22-3 SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS • VASCULAR TISSUE -xylem -phloem -move fluids through the plant body, even against the force of gravity. -study the structure of vascular tissue next class when we study roots, stems and leaves. ★spore bearing vascular plant.

  13. FERNS AND THEIR RELATIVES • -CLUB MOSSES, HORSETAILS AND FERNS. • HAVE TRUE ROOTS, LEAVES AND STEMS

  14. ROOTS • Are underground organs that absorb water and minerals. • Vascular tissue is located in the centre of the root.

  15. Leaves • Are the photosynthetic organs that contain one or more bundles of vascular tissue. • The vascular tissue is bundled into veins.

  16. STEMS • Are supporting structures that connect roots and leaves, carrying water and nutrients btw them.

  17. CLUB MOSSES -produced Earth’s first forests -today club mosses are small plants that live in moist woodlands. -some look like miniature pine trees – common name is ground pine.

  18. HORSETAILS Omit.

  19. FERNS • Large leaves are called ____________. • Creeping underground stems are called _________. • Most abundant in _____habitats or seasonly _____habitats.

  20. Life Cycle of Ferns • Vascular plants – have a life cycle in which the diploid sporophyte is the dominant stage • The plant we recognize as a fern is a diploid sporophyte. Assignment 2 – LIFE CYLCLE OF A FERN due at the beginning of next class

  21. BREAK • BREATHE, BREATHE, BREATHE.

  22. 22-4 SEED PLANTS • Acorns, pine nuts, dandelion seeds, kernels of corn, seeds can be found everywhere. • Two types of seed plants i. Gymnosperms ii. Angiosperms

  23. Why have seed plants become so successful? • 1. Fertilization does not require water, therefore • 2. Seed plants can live almost anywhere. • 3. Adaptions that allow seed plants to reproduce w/o water include • i. Flowers or cones • Ii. Transfer of sperm by pollination. • Iii. Protection of embroys in seeds.

  24. i. Flowers and Cones -the gametophyte of seed plants grow and mature w/isporophyte structures called cones which are the seed bearing structure of gymnosperms and flowers which are the seed-bearing structures of angiosperms.

  25. ii. Pollen • In seed plants the entire male gametophyte is contained in a structure called a pollen grain. • Sperm produced by this gametophyte do not swim thru water fertilize the eggs, instead the pollengrain is carried to the female reproductive structure by wind, insects or small animals. • The transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure is called pollination.

  26. iii. Seeds • A seed is the embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply. • An embryo is an organism in its early stages of development – its diploid. The embryo often stops growing while it is contained within the seed; the embryo can remain like this for weeks, months, or even years. • When the embryo does begin to grow it uses nurtients from the stored food supply – grows into a sporophyte.

  27. The seed coat surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps the contents of the seed from drying out. • Seeds can survive long periods of extreme weather conditions – only to grow when the conditions are right • Seeds may also have special tissues or structures that aid in their dispersal to other habitats • Ex. Some seed coats are textured so they stick to the fur or feathers of animals. • Ex. Some seeds are contained in fleshy tissues that are eaten and dispersed by animals.

  28. Gymnosperms -bear their seeds directly on the surface of cones. -incl conifers, cycads, ancient ginkgoes and gnetophytes.

  29. Gymnosperms continued Gnetophytes p566

  30. Cycads p567 – palm like plant that reproduce with large cones. Found in Mexico, the West Indies, Florida, parts of Asia Africa and Australia

  31. Ginkgoesp567

  32. Confers p567 -568 -most common gymnosperm – includes pines, spruces, firs, cedars,sequoias, redwoods, junipers and yews. -giant redwoods grow up to 100 meters in hgt. -some pine trees can live for more than 4000 years.

  33. Ecology of Conifers • Conifers can live in a variety of biomes – on mtns, in sandy soil, in cool, moist areas . • Conifer leaves have specific adaptations to dry conditions. • - scientists believe that historically conifers lived in dry cool conditions.

  34. Conifer leaves are long and thin, this shape reduces the surface area from which water can be lost by evaporation; contain a thick waxy coating; the openings that allow for gas exchange are on the bottom of the leaf also reducing water loss.

  35. Most conifers are evergreens – their leaves stay on the tree all year round and are replaced gradually over 2 – 14 years. • Some conifers are not evergreen – such as larches and baldcypresses – they lose their needles every fall.

  36. BREAK • BREATHE, BREATHE, BREATHE.

  37. ANGIOSPERMS(Enclosed Seed) • Are flowering plants, bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed. • Develop unique reproductive organs known as flowers. • Incl grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, all wildflowers and cultivated flowers.

  38. Angiosperms continued • Flowers are an evolutionary advantage to plants b/c they attract animals such as bees, moths, hummingbirds, which then transport pollen from flower to flower. • Animal Pollination is more efficient than wind pollination of most gymnosperms.

  39. Flowers contain ovaries which surround and protect the seeds. • After pollination the ovary develops into a fruit, which protects the seed and aids in its dispersal. • By using fruit to attract animals, flowering plants increase the ranges they inhabit, spreading seeds over 100s of kms.

  40. Categorizing Angiosperms • Monocots/Dicots • Woody and Herbaceous Plants • Annuals, Biennials and Perennials. CONTINUE WITH THIS NEXT CLASS FOR NEXT CLASS:

  41. Assignment 2: LIFE CYCLE OF A FERN: Draw, color code and label the life cycle of a fern. Include the following terms: frond, sori, sporangium, sporophyte, spores, gametophyte, anteridium, archegonium, sperm, egg, sporophyte embryo, meiosis, fertilization, mitosis, haploid, n, diploid, 2n. AND….

  42. Assignment 3 • How do seeds differ from spores?

  43. BREAK • BREATHE, BREATHE, BREATHE.

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