Artificial Intelligence (AI)

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Degree Third Year, Second Semester, 2012 Lecture 2 Introduction of Artificial Intelligence 2 Prepared by: HAJI A. HAJI Department of Computer Science & IT The State University of Zanzibar E-mail: hajiali10@hotmail.com

2. Lecture Contents • Approaches of AI • Examples of AI System • Turing Test

3. Approach of Artificial Intelligence The field of artificial intelligence (AI) has as its goal the development of machines that can perceive, reason, communicate, and act in complex environments much like humans can, or possibly even better than humans can. There are four categories of approaching AI: 1.) Acting humanly - The Turing test approach: to test whether a system can behave intelligently enough to fool a human interrogator 2.) Think humanly:   It is the cognitive modeling approach, To get machine thinking like humans 3.) Thinking rationally:   It is the law of thought approach.   Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI 4.) Acting rationally:   It is the rational agent approach, which is to do the right things.  

4. Goals of AI The goal of Artificial Intelligence are:- • Replicate human intelligence “AI is the study of complex information processing problems that often have their roots in some aspect of biological information processing. The goal of the subject is to identify solvable and interesting information processing problems, and solve them”. • Solve knowledge-intensive tasks “AI is the design, study and construction of computer that behave intelligently.” • Intelligent connection of perception and action. AI not centered around representative of the world, but around action in the world Behavior-based intelligence. • Enhance human-human, human-computer and computer-computer interaction/ communication. Computer can sense and recognize its users, see and recognize its environmental, respond visually and audibly to stimuli. New paradigms for interacting productively with computers using speech, vision, natural language, 3D virtual reality, 3D displays, powerful user interfaces etc.

5. Examples of AI System There are several AI System, below are some of them • PEGASUS spoken language interface to American Airlines’ EAASY SABRE reservation system which allows users to obtain flight information and make reservations over the telephone. • MYCIN system for diagnosing bacterial infections of the blood and suggesting treatments. Pathfinder medical diagnosis system, which suggests tests and makes diagnoses. • Credit card companies, banks, and the U.S. government employees AI systems to detect fraud and expedite financial transactions. For example, AMEXcredit check. Systems often use learning algorithms to construct profiles of customer usage patterns, and then use these profiles to detect unusual patterns and take appropriate action. • NASA developed a system for classifying very faith areas in astronomical images into either stars or galaxies with very high accuracy by learning from human experts’ classifications.

6. A Framework for Building AI System • Perception Intelligent biological systems are physically embodied in the world and experience the world through their sensors (senses). For a medical diagnosis system, perception is the set of symptoms and test results that have been obtained and input to the system manually. Includes areas of vision, speech processing, natural language processing, and signal processing • Reasoning Inference, decision – making, classification from what is sensed and what the internal “model” is of the world. Might be a neural network, heuristic searching a problem space, etc. Includes area of knowledge representation, problem solving, decision theory, planning game theory machine learning, etc. • Action Biological systems interact within their environment by actuation, speech etc. All behavior is centered around actions in the world. Examples include controlling the steering of vehicle, or suggesting tests and making diagnoses for a medical diagnosis system. Includes areas of robot actuation, natural language generation, and speech synthesis.

7. Turing Test - Acting humanly The Turing test is a test of a machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent behavior. A human judge engages in a natural language conversation with one human and one machine, each of which tries to appear human. All participants are separated from one another. If the judge cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. In order to test the machine's intelligence rather than its ability to render words into audio, the conversation is limited to a text-only channel such as a computer keyboard and screen The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was designed to provide a satisfactory Turing Test of Human v Machine

8. ELIZA • ELIZA is a computer program and an early example of primitive NLP. ELIZA operated by processing users' responses to scripts, the most famous of which was DOCTOR, DOCTOR sometimes provided a startlingly human-like interaction. ELIZA was written at MIT by Joseph Weizenbaum between 1964 to 1966. • When the "patient" exceeded the very small knowledge base, DOCTOR might provide a generic response, for example, responding to "My head hurts" with "Why do you say your head hurts?" The response to "My mother hates me" would be "Who else in your family hates you?”

9. ALICE From ELIZA to ALICE ELIZA also introduced the personal pronoun transformations common to ALICE and many other programs. "Tell me what you think about me" is transformed by the robot into "You want me to tell you what I think about you?" creating a simple illusion of understanding. • ALICE Short for Artificial Linguistic Computer Entity, an open source, natural language chat bot that relies on artificial intelligence for human interaction. • ALICE is programmed with AIML (Artificial Intelligence Markup Language), a XML specification for programming chat bots. Its simplicity and ease-of-use allows non-programmers, who have some HTML experience, to create their own chat bots. With AIML, developers can create customized chat bots with unique personalities and areas of expertise See how ELIZA works..

10. Tutorial (Turing Test) Assumes that you are a judge, and you want to test the following person. • Male and Female • Normal Computer user and Cracker • President and Citizen

11. The end. Questions and Answers..!