AP Europe

1. AP Europe Midterm Review 1347-1851 Monday January 28, 2013 Rm 218 10:00-12:00

2. Directions • Look at the following paintings, political cartoons, quotes, etc. • Write which time period they reflect • High Medieval, Italian Renaissance, Northern Renaissance, Reformation, Counterreformation, War of Religion, Exploration, Commercial Revolution, Absolutism (Western or Eastern), Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Revolution (English, French 1789, 1830, 1848), Concert of Europe (Metternich Age), Industrial Revolution, Revolutions of 1848, etc. • Write which characteristic or issue of that time period they reflect.

3. MichelangeloBuonarotti’sDavid • Renaissance • Reflects Renaissance ideals • Man as the paragon of animals, glorifies man • Confident • Religious theme but emphasis is on human form POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

4. POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability? • Contrasting views of Sans Culottes • French Revolution • Top painting likely neoclassic style (masculine, stoic, patriotic) • Bottom- British political cartoon following September Massacre

5. Liberty Leading the People • Revolution of 1830 • Reflects the union of the Bourgeoisie and Proletariat during 1830 Revolution which ousted Charles X and installed Louis Philippe. POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

6. Florence during the Renaissance • Reflects the wealth and power of the city considered to be the Athens of Italy • Produced Brunelleschi, Leonardo, Micheangelo, and others POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

7. OF THE CHIEF CONDITIONS AND QUALITYES IN A WAYTYNG GENTYLWOMANTO be well born and of a good house. To flee affectation or curiositie. To have a good grace in all her doinges. To have the vertues of the minde, as wisdome, justice, noblenesse of courage, temperance, strength of the mide, continency, sobermoode, etc. to be good and discreete. To have the understandinge beinge maried, how to ordre her husbandes substance, her house and children, and to play the good huswyef. To have a sweetenesse in language and a good uttrance to entertein all kinde of men with communication woorth the hearing, honest, applyed to time and place and to the degree and dispostion of the person which is her principall profession. • Castiglione’s The Book of the Courtier (1528) • Renaissance • Reflects the new emphasis on etiquette for nobles. Also reflects new status of women to that of a trophy wife. POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

8. Whose Region, his religion • Provision of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 • Signed by Charles V • Legalized Lutheranism and Catholicism in Holy Roman Empire • Whatever your ruler’s religion was, so were you • Did not recognize Calvinism as legal religion

9. Peterloo Massacre • Manchester, 1819 • Mass demonstration of 80 thousand at St. Peter’s Fields in which Reformers demanded • Repeal of Corn Laws • universal male suffrage • annual elections of HOC • 11 killed, 400 wounded • Illustrated repressive conservative gov. POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

10. Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini1647-1652 • Ecstasy of St. Teresa • Counter-Reformation • Reflects Council of Trent’s encouragement of Baroque art to awe people back to Catholicism POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

11. Coronation of Charlemagne by Pope (800 AD) • Medieval • Reflects both beginning of the Holy Roman Empire as well as medieval power of the Church over secular rulers. Europe’s gradual modernity saw this power gradually erode.

12. Coronation of Charles X of France (1824) • Metternich Age • Reflects reactionary nature of his reign as well as the conservative nature of that period • Ex. Carlsbad Decree, Corn Laws, July Ordinances POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

13. The Defender of the Faith • Title awarded Henry VIII of England for his defense of Catholicism against Luther • The Reformation • Henry was devoted Catholic • Without male heir he divorced Catherine of Aragon for Anne Boleyn • Act of Supremacy “legally” placed monarch in charge of church in England

14. Albrecht Durer self portrait • Northern Renaissance • Reflects emphasis on individualism and virtu of Renaissance

15. Michelangelo’s The Creation of Adam (Early 1500s) • Renaissance • Reflects classical influence on Renaissance humanism as well as new view that man was the paragon of animals, innately beautiful and good. Has a religious theme yet the emphasis is on man, not God. POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

16. Frederick William IV Sweeping the Liberals Out • Revolution of 1848 • Reflects the failure of the liberal Frankfurt Assembly to unify Germany • Buzz Words: Grossdeutche v Kleindeutche, Declaration of the Rights of the German People, Constitution of 1850 POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

17. And next these come those that commonly call themselves the religious and monks, most false in both titles, when both a great part of them are farthest from religion, and no men swarm thicker in all places than themselves... … so illiterate that they can't so much as read. … And yet, like pleasant fellows, with all this vileness, ignorance, rudeness, and impudence, they represent to us, … • Desiderius Erasmus: The Praise of Folly, 1509 • Northern Renaissance • Reflects the importance of religion on the Northern Renaissance as well as the influence of the Reformation POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

18. Luther Before the Diet of Worms (1521) • Reformation • Reflects Luther’s defense of his break with the Catholic Church over the sale of indulgences & his dismissal of Papal supremacy. Lutheran theology of the faith alone, the priesthood of all believers & importance of the individual are 1st voiced here POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

19. Cottonopolis • The Industrial Revolution • Shows the mills (factories) of Manchester, England • Buzzwords: Urbanization, Classic Liberalism, Bourgeoisie, Luddites, Reform Bill of 1832, Rotten Boroughs POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

20. “National Song” On your feet, Magyar, the homeland calls!The time is here, now or never!Shall we be slaves or free?This is the question, choose your answer! By the God of the HungariansWe vow,We vow, that we will be slavesNo longer! • The National Song • Revolutions of 1848 • Reflects the romanticism, republicanism, liberalism, and nationalism that sparked the Revolutions of 1848 (the Springtime of the Peoples) POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/ reliability?

21. Jacques Louis David’s Coronation of Napoleon • 1st Empire Period • Reflects the end of Consulate period and the completion of Crane Brinton’s cycle of Revolutionary sickness • Neoclassic Style • Conjures up Roman imagery • Influence of Enlightenment (meritocracy, end of divine right, civil equality via Napoleonic Code) POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

22. Sandro Botticelli’s La Primavera (1482) • Italian Renaissance • Reflects the classical influence with Greco-Roman gods instead of Christian Saints, angels, etc. POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

23. The Third Estate Awakens, 1789 • French Revolution • Reflects the anger of Third Estate members of the unfair and antiquated Estates system & its inherently unjust tax and privileged structure. Note the fear of the 1st and 2nd Estates. POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

24. Women’s version with the same theme. POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/ reliability?

25. Pieter Brueghel the Elder’s Peasant Wedding (c. 1568). • Pre-Industrial Europe (Open Field System) • Reflects the diet and culture of common people in Europe with simple furniture and a diet consisting largely of rye bread, ale, cabbage • Buzz Words • Nuclear family, high infant mortality rate, “spare the rod…”, married late, community controls over morality POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

26. Rembrandt - The Masters of the Clothmakers' Guild (1661) • Dutch Golden Age • Reflects the Calvinism and wealth of the Dutch merchants after breaking from the Spanish Hapsburgs (Philip II) in 1581 and formerly being recognized in 1648 • Buzz Words: Gold Florin, Bank of Amsterdam, stadhouder POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

27. First Rule. The first: All judgment laid aside, we ought to have our mind ready and prompt to obey, in all, the true Spouse of Christ our Lord, which is our holy Mother the Church Hierarchical. Second Rule. The second: To praise confession to a Priest, and the reception of the most Holy Sacrament of the Altar …Fourth Rule. The fourth: To praise much Religious Orders, virginity and continence, and not so much marriage as any of these. Thirteenth Rule. To be right in everything, we ought always to hold that the white which I see, is black, if the Hierarchical Church so decides it, … • St. Ignatius Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises • Counterreformation • Reflects the extreme obedience of the Jesuits to the Pope and the rejection of Protestant doctrines by the Council of Trent. POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/ Motive/ reliability?

28. Caspar David Friedrich (1774 – 1840) • Wanderer over a Sea of Fog • Romanticism • 1815-1848 • Reflects romantic movements stress on nature, individual, spontaneity, emotion over reason, Sturm and Drang (Storm and Stress) POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/ reliability?

29. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, 1572 • Wars of Religion • Reflects Catherine d’Medici’s attempt to eliminate Huguenots from France. Led to War of 3 Henrys. POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

30. Map of Italy during the Renaissance • Created a balance of power among the city states POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/ reliability?

31. Portrait of The Sun King (circa 1700) • Absolutism • Reflects the essence of an absolute monarch in which the king rules as the sovereign (monopoly on law, army, economy, etc.) by divine right. • Buzz Words: Fronde, Colbert, Five Farms, Marionette, War of Span. Succ., Intendants POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

32. Map of the Continental System (1806-1812) • Napoleonic Europe • Reflects Napoleon’s attempt to bankrupt England by blocking her trade on the Continent POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

33. Copernicus’ Heliocentric model of the solar system from On the Revolutions of Heavenly Orbs (1543) • Scientific Revolution • Reflects the 1st crack in Ptolemaic paradigm POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/ Motive/ reliability?

34. The Mask of Pius IX • Revolutions of 1848 • Reflects the perceived duplicity of Pope Pius IX • He seemed to sympathize with liberal nationalistic aspirations but turned reactionary • Syllabus of Errors POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

35. Life in the state of nature was “solitary, nasty, brutish, and short” • Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan (1651) • Age of Reason/Absolutism/English Revolution • Reflects Hobbes argument for the need for an absolute monarch. May also be seen as the 1stsecular argument for an Enlightened Despot and a reactionary treatise to the English Revolution POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

36. The Crystal Palace (1851) • Exposition in London showing various machines of the Industrial Revolution • Showcased England as the premier Industrial Power POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

37. For they are not all created with a similar destiny; but eternal life is fore-ordained for some, and eternal damnation for others. Every man, therefore, being created for one or the other of these ends, we say, he is predestinated either to life or to death. • John Calvin speaking about predestination • Reformation • Believed that the fate (destiny) of everyone was determined before they were born • Only the “elect” few were chosen by God for salvation • Wealth, prosperity were signs of being elect

38. Map of Revolutions of 1848 • Springtime of the Peoples • Shows widespread areas affected by Revolution • Buzz Words • February Revolution, March Days, March Laws, Frankfurt Assembly POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

39. Rafael’s School of Athens (1509?)Reflects the Renaissance love of the ancients (Greeks and Romans). POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/ reliability?

40. The Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789 • French Revolution • Reflects the onset of the moderate state of the Revolution and the destruction of the Ancien Regime. Also reflects the violence that will overwhelm France after 1793 POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

41. Vermeer, The Geographer, c. 1668-1669 • Dutch Golden Age • Reflects the wealth and boldness of the Dutch during the seventeenth century. POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/ Motive/reliability?

42. Seventh, we will not hereafter allow ourselves to be farther oppressed by our lords, but will let them demand only what is just and proper according to the word of the agreement between the lord and the peasant. The lord should no longer try to force more services or other dues from the peasant without payment, but permit the peasant to enjoy his holding in peace and quiet. • Twelve Articles of the Swabian Rebellion • Reformation • Inspired by Luther’s theology, German peasants demanded freedom from Feudal dues • Luther turned against them and rebellion crushed

43. Map of Europe during Black Death • The Renaissance • Reflects the gradual movement of the Plague from South to North from 1347-1351 • Also shows peasant revolts • Resulted in lower population but higher wages and decline of serfdom in West, rise of serfdom in East POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

44. Jan Van Eyck, Madonna del cancelliere Rolin, 1439 • Reflects the Northern Renaissance emphasis on religion over secularism as well as innovative techniques using oil-based paint. POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

45. Etching of Peter the Great cutting beard off noble • Eastern Absolutism (1683-1725) • Reflects Peter’s cultural revolution in an attempt to westernize backward Russia in order to make it a strong state. • Buzz Words: Old Believers, St. Petersburg, Great Northern War, POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/ reliability?

46. Organization that wanted corn laws of 1819 repealed • Tariff made it impossible to buy cheaper imported grain • Major financial burden on England’s urban workers • Robert Peel repealed Corn laws in 1846 • Embraced Free Trade • Birth of Mass Politics in GB POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

47. Cottage Industry illustration • Commercial Revolution • Reflects the growth of the putting-out (Domestic System) system within the Atlantic Economy. Also illustrates the family operating as an economic unit. Weaver (Male), Spinner (female), children deseeding) POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?

48. Men are born, and always continue, free and equal in respect of their rights. Civil distinctions, therefore, can be founded only on public utility. The nation is essentially the sources of all sovereignty; nor can any individual, or any body of men, be entitled to any authority which is not expressly derived form it • The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, (1789) • French Revolution • Reflects the moderate yet universal goals of the moderate stage. Also reflects Enlightenment influence POV? For or Against? Tone/Bias/Motive/ reliability?

49. 1111 GB also gets Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Hudson Bay area GB and Scotland unify Map of Europe after 1713 but before 1740-After War of Spanish Succession, Before War of Austrian Succession France took Franche Comte, Alsace and Lorraine GB got Gibraltar and Minorca, trading rights in Spanish America Spain loses territory, influence and the Habsburgs 1111

50. But Silesia still under Hapsburg control HRE still exists (so it can’t be after 1806)