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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT. OBJECTIVES. How could developing a new system change the way an organization works? What are the steps required to develop a new information system? What methods for developing information systems are available?

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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

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  1. SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

  2. OBJECTIVES • How could developing a new system change the way an organization works? • What are the steps required to develop a new information system? • What methods for developing information systems are available? • What system-building approaches can help us develop e-business applications more rapidly?

  3. SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE

  4. SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE • The Spectrum of Organizational Change • Automation: • Speeding up performance • Rationalization of Procedures: • Streamlining of operating procedures • Business Process Reengineering: • Radical re-design of business processes • Paradigm Shift: • Radical re-conceptualization

  5. SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE

  6. 10.2 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING AND PROCESS IMPROVEMENT Figure 10.3 (A)

  7. Figure 10.3 (B) 10.2 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING AND PROCESS IMPROVEMENT Business Process Re-engineering

  8. OBJECTIVES • How could developing a new system change the way an organization works? • What are the steps required to develop a new information system? • What methods for developing information systems are available? • What system-building approaches can help us develop e-business applications more rapidly?

  9. OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

  10. OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT • Systems Analysis • Analysis of a problem that the organization will try to solve with IT • Feasibility Study • determines whether the solution is achievable, given the organization’s resources and constraints • Establishing Information Requirements • Identifying who needs what information, and when, where, and how the information is needed • Failure here is a leading cause of systems failure

  11. OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT Systems Design • Details how a system will meet the information requirements determined by systems analysis • Specifications for the system solution • Should reflect user business priorities and information needs, not biases of IT experts • lack of end-user involvement is a major cause of system failure

  12. OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

  13. OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT • Programming • Process of translating system specifications into program code • Testing • Checks whether the system produces desired results under known conditions • Critical step – all programs have bugs! • Need: • Unit testing • System testing • Acceptance testing

  14. OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT • Conversion • Process of changing from old system to new system • Conversion Strategies include: • Parallel • Direct cutover • Pilot study • Documentation – why is this vital? • Ongoing throughout system development • Finalized here – why?

  15. OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT • Production and Maintenance • Production: • The stage after new system is installed and the conversion is complete • Maintenance • Changes in hardware, software, or documentation of production system to correct errors, or meet new requirements • 20% - fix programming errors • 20% - adapt to changes • 60% - improve design – this is avoidable!

  16. OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

  17. OBJECTIVES • How could developing a new system change the way an organization works? • What are the steps required to develop a new information system? • What methods for developing information systems are available? • What system-building approaches can help us develop e-business applications more rapidly?

  18. ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES • Systems Development Lifecycle (SDLC) • Traditional methodology for developing information system • Partitions systems development process into formal stages that must be completed sequentially • Formal division of labour between end users and information system specialists

  19. ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES • Prototyping • Process of building experimental system quickly and inexpensively • Use for demonstration and evaluation • Allows users to better determine information requirements • Easy to involve users, good for designing end-user interface • Result may not be scalable, secure etc.

  20. ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

  21. ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES • Application Software Packages • Set of prewritten application programs commercially available • Often selected via RFP • detailed list of specs submitted to vendors • determines how well vendor’s product can meet organization’s needs • May need to be customized to meet organization’s unique requirements

  22. ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES “Good software is not (alas!) written, it is re-written” (An old programming adage)

  23. ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES End-User Development • Development of information systems by end users with minimal assistance from ‘techies’ • Advantage -higher level of user involvement and satisfaction • Limitations -systems likely to lack scalability, security, testing, documentation etc. • Facilitated by an Information Centre - facility that provides support for end-user computing

  24. ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

  25. ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES Outsourcing • Practice of contracting applications development (and perhaps system operation) to external vendors • Can get expertise not available in firm • External source benefits from economies of scale • May result in loss of control, dangerous reliance on stability of outside firm

  26. (A) 10.4 ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

  27. (B) 10.4 ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

  28. OBJECTIVES • How could developing a new system change the way an organization works? • What are the steps required to develop a new information system? • What methods for developing information systems are available? • What system-building approaches can help us develop e-business applications more rapidly?

  29. APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT FOR THE DIGITAL FIRM Object-Oriented Software Development • Shifts focus from modeling business processes and data to combining data and procedures to create objects • Applications can be created by reusing existing objects (without reprogramming), adding new objects as needed • More iterative and incremental than SDLC • Requires large investment in training and programming

  30. APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT FOR THE DIGITAL FIRM Web Services • Software components deliverable over Internet • E.g. IBM Web sphere, MS .Net • Real life example in text? • Uses standards to allow information interchange between applications: • XML – standard description of data in web pages allows data exchange • SOAP – rules for data exchange • UDDI – directory of web services

  31. SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

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