IMAGE COMPRESSION FOR WIRELESS OUTDOOR SENSOR NETWORKS
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Explore advanced image compression codecs like MPEG-4 and H.264 for low-bitrate transmission over long-range sensor networks. Learn about DCT, quantization, and Huffman encoding methods. Discover ways to optimize energy consumption and improve image transmission in outdoor environments.
IMAGE COMPRESSION FOR WIRELESS OUTDOOR SENSOR NETWORKS
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IMAGE COMPRESSION FOR WIRELESS OUTDOOR SENSOR NETWORKS Indrit Enesi, Elma Zanaj, Bexhet Kamo, Vladi Kolici, Olimpjon Shurdi Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania
ISSUE • A NETWORK OF INTERCONNECTED DEVICES, CAPABLE OF RETRIEVING MULTIMEDIA CONTENT FROM THE ENVIRONMENT • NODES WITH LIMITED RESOURCES • POWER • BANDWITH • ENERGY
OBJECTIVE • A NEW IMAGE COMPRESSION CODEC • SUITABLE FOR WSN LOW-BITRATE IMAGE TRANSMISSION OVER LONG-RANGE OUTDOOR SENSOR NETWORKS
APPROACHES FOR LOW-BITRATE VIDEO CODING • WAVEFORM-BASED CODING • ON THE 2-D IMAGE PLANE • MODEL-BASED CODING • A MODEL OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL • THE 2-D IMAGES ARE ANALYZED AND SYNTHESIZED • VERY LOW BITRATE • VERY COMPLICATED TECHNIQUE • BLOCK-BASED HYBRID CODING • MPEG-4 [3] AND H.264 • ENCODER MUCH HIGHER COMPLEXITY THEN DECODER
PLATFORM • HW • FLECKTM OUTDOOR SENSOR NETWORKS • long-range radio • solar-charging circuitry • SW • TINYos
IMAGE COMPRESSINGPREPROCESSING • CCD 2D ARRAY SENSORS • YUV 4:2:0 • QVGA (320 X 240 pixels) • Packet 16 bits, 8 bit luminance, 8 bit chrominance
PREDICTION • CORRELATION BETWEEN PIXELS IN TEMPORAL DOMAIN • SKIP BLOCKS – ONLY INFORMATION • INTRA-BLOCK – ENCODING WITHOUT REFERENCE • INTER-BLOCK – ENCODING WITH REFERENCE FRAME
DCT • A MATRIX OF 8X8 FREQUENCY COEFFICIENTS PER BLOCK • 12 MULTIPLICATIONS PER 8-POINT TRANSFORM • MULTIPLICATIONS ARE DONE IN PARALLEL • MOST INFORMATION IN THE BLOCK WILL BE CONCENTRATED TO A FEW LOW-FREQUENCY COMPONENTS
ENTROPY CODING • COMBINATION OF RUN-LENGTH ENCODING (RLE) AND HUFFMAN ENCODING • PREDICT THE DC COEFFICIENT (EXCEPT THE FIRST BLOCK OF THE ROW) • EACH SYMBOL TWO PARTS • SYMBOL OF THE CATEGORY • ADDITIONAL BITS WITHIN A CATEGORY
DC COEFFICIENTS SYMBOL CATEGORIES FOR PREDICTED VALUES OF DC COEFFICIENTS SYMBOLS - HUFFMAN ENCODING
AC COEFFICIENTS • RLE AND HUFFMAN ENCODING • EACH HUFFMAN SYMBOL TWO PARTS • FIRST PART - RLE (NUMBER OF ZERO ELEMENTS) • SECOND PART – CATEGORY FOR NONZERO ELEMENT
HUFMMAN TABLES • DIFFERENT TABLES FOR AC AND DC COMPONENTS • DIFFERENT TABLES FOR LUMINANCE AND CHROMINANCE COEFFICIENTS • TOTAL FOUR TABLES
HUFFMAN TABLES FOR DC COEFFICIENTS DIFFERENCES LUMINANCE CHROMINANCE
RESULTS • A SYSTEM TO TRANSMIT COMPRESSED IMAGES OVER A WSN TO A DATABASE • THE COMPRESSION DEPENDS ON THE CONTENT, BETWEEN 90% AND 99% • MORE CAMERAS ADDED, SCHEDULATION, TO GET AND TRANSMIT IMAGES AT DIFFERENT TIMES. • SAVING IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION - POWER UP THE CAMERA, GET A SEQUENCE OF IMAGES, PARAMETER • IMAGES ARE RECONSTRUCTED TO A VIDEO CLIP AT THE BASE STATION.
FUTURE WORKS • POWER SAVING, VERY TIGHT SCHEDULING BETWEEN CAMERAS. • A MODIFICATION, NODES PUT TO SLEEP MOST OF THE TIME TO SAVE POWER. • ERROR CONTROL FOR IMAGES REQUIRES A CROSS-LAYER DESIGN BETWEEN THE CODING AND THE NETWORK • REDUCE THE PACKET HEADER OVERHEAD • TRANSPORT AND ROUTING LAYER, WHEN THE BURSTY VIDEO OR IMAGE DATA IS MIXED WITH THE OTHER SENSOR DATA. • DISTRIBUTED SOURCE CODING CERTAINLY IS INTERESTING