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1. Chocolate Peanut Toilet Cheese Leaf Banana Dinosaur Lighter Circumference Wire Rusty Nobody Monster Cereal Pillow Triangle Dolphin Phlegm Scarf Pineapple Toe Bed Tree Bag Dog Sound Petal Fun Atrocity Silence

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3. Motivation and Emotion PSYCH 40S Source: Rathus, S. A. (2010). Psychology: Principles in Practice. Holt McDougal.

4. Motivation Motivation:is a need or desire that energizes(or moves) behavior and directs it towards a goal. Aron Ralston was motivated to cut his arm in order to free himself from a rock that pinned him down. AP Photo/ Rocky Mountain News, Judy Walgren Aron Ralston

5. What motivates YOU?

6. Video: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us What does this tell you about Motivation?

7. Needs and Drives…Aren’t needs and drives the same thing? No, because the strengths of needs and drives can differ. You eat a big meal. You are stuffed. 10 minutes later a friend comes over with your favourite dessert, chocolate cake…you eat 2 pieces! Explain.

8. Needs VS Drives • A need is a condition in which we require something we lack. • There are two types of needs: • Biological needs – e.g., sleep from physical deprivation • Psychological needs – e.g., a sense of belonging • Biological needs and psychological needs give rise to drives. • Drives are the forces that motivate an organism to take action.

9. Drives Many motivated activities begin with a need. Needs cause a drive. Drives activate a response designed to attain a goal. The longer we are deprived of something such as food or water, the stronger our drive becomes. For example, our hunger drive is stronger 6 hours after eating than it is 20 minutes after eating

10. Drive-Reduction Theory People and animals experience a drive arising from a need as an unpleasant tension. They learn to do whatever will reduce that tension by reducing the drive, such as eating to reduce their hunger drive. Basic drives motivate us to restore an internal state of balance. This state of balance (equilibrium) in the body is called homeostasis.

11. All you need is love! …or is it?

12. A Hierarchy of Motives Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition. (1908-1970)

13. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-transcendence needs Need to find meaning and identity beyond the self According to Maslow, once our lower-level needs are met, we are prompted to satisfy our higher-level needs.

14. Hierarchy of Needs ActivityHandout • Reflect on your activities over the past few months • Enter two significant behaviours that you think demonstrate the operation of a need at each level of Maslow’s hierarchy.

15. Physiological needs • The physical requirements for human survival. The most important, and should be met first. • If these requirements are not met, the human body cannot function properly and will ultimately fail. • Eg. ) Air, water, food… etc.

16. Safety needs • Once physical needs are relatively satisfied, safe needs take precedence and dominate behaviour. the individual's safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. • Eg. ) Personal security, financial security, health… etc.

17. Love and Belongingness • The third level of human needs is interpersonal and involves feelings of belongingness. • Deficiencies within this level can impact the individual's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general, such as: • Eg. ) Friendship, intimacy, family… etc.

18. Esteem needs • All humans have a need to feel respected; this includes the need to have self-esteem and self-respect. Esteem presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition. • Most people have a need for stable self-respect and self-esteem. • Eg. ) Achievement, respect from others… etc.

19. Self-Actualization • "What a man can be, he must be.“ • This level of need refers to the need to become what one believes he or she is capable of being. • Many people seek self-actualization through work, hobbies, and aesthetic experiences such as music, art, and poetry. • Eg. ) a strong desire to become an ideal parent… etc.

20. All you need is love! …or is it?

21. Hierarchy of Needs ActivityHandout • Reflect on your activities over the past few months • Enter two significant behaviours that you think demonstrate the operation of a need at each level of Maslow’s hierarchy.

22. For the rest of the class… • Complete the “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Examples of Recent Behaviour” chart, • Complete the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs exercise worksheet (this needs to be handed in)! • Fill out an Exit slip, AND

23. Motivation and Emotion PSYCH 40S – Class 2 Source: Rathus, S. A. (2010). Psychology: Principles in Practice. Holt McDougal.

24. Needs and Drives • It is our needs that create a state of arousal called drive. • According to Clark Hull, human beings work to reduce the state of tension. • it fails to explain complex human behaviors.

25. Motivation and Emotion Our emotional state is closely related to our motivation. Emotion influences motivation and motivation influences emotion. The word emotion comes from the Latin word meaning “to move.” First, the body is physically aroused during emotion. Such bodily stirrings are what cause us to say we were “moved” by a play, a funeral, or an act of kindness. Second, we are often motivated, or moved to take action, by emotions such as fear, anger or joy.

26. Motivation and Emotion Our emotional state is closely related to our motivation. Emotion influences motivation and motivation influences emotion. The word emotion comes from the Latin word meaning “to move.” First, the body is physically aroused during emotion. Such bodily stirrings are what cause us to say we were “moved” by a play, a funeral, or an act of kindness. Second, we are often motivated, or moved to take action, by emotions such as fear, anger or joy.

27. Motivation and Emotion Our emotional state is closely related to our motivation. Emotion influences motivation and motivation influences emotion. The word emotion comes from the Latin word meaning “to move.” First, the body is physically aroused during emotion. Such bodily stirrings are what cause us to say we were “moved” by a play, a funeral, or an act of kindness. Second, we are often motivated, or moved to take action, by emotions such as fear, anger or joy. Source: Psychology A Journey (Nelson)

28. Extrinsic Motivation • Extrinsic Motivation occurs when we are motivated to perform a behavior or engage in an activity in order to earn a reward or avoid a punishment. Some examples of behaviors that are the result of extrinsic motivation include: studying because you want to get a good grade, or cleaning your room to avoid being reprimanded by your parents. In each of these examples, the behavior is motivated by a desire to gain a reward or avoid a negative outcome.

29. Intrinsic Motivation • Intrinsic Motivation involves engaging in a behavior because it is personally rewarding; essentially, performing an activity for its own sake rather than the desire for some external reward. Examples of behaviors that are the result of intrinsic motivation include: Participating in a sport because you find the activity enjoyable, solving a word puzzle because you find the challenge fun and interesting, and playing a game because you find it exciting

30. Extrinsic VS Intrinsic Motivation Which is better? Surprisingly both work together. Sometimes external rewards can help us achieve a goal. • External rewards can induce interest and participation in something the individual had no initial interest in. Extrinsic rewards can be used to motivate people to acquire new skills or knowledge. Once these initial skills have been acquired, people may then become more intrinsically motivated to pursue the activity. • However, a number of studies have demonstrated that offering excessive external rewards for an already internally rewarding behavior can actually lead to a reduction in intrinsic motivation. In one study, for example, children who were rewarded for playing with a toy they had already expressed interest in playing with became less interested in the item after being externally rewarded. Therefore, extrinsic motivators should be avoided in situations where offering a reward might make a "play" activity seem more like "work."

31. Extrinsic VS Intrinsic Motivation • Reflect on your list of motives from last class. if your list contains less than 10 motivating factors, brainstorm now!), and put an E beside the Extrinsic motivators, and an I beside the Intrinsic motivators.

32. Emotion • Emotions are a mixture of: • physical arousal • expressive behaviors • conscious experience Emotions are states of feeling. They are our body’s adaptive response.

33. List all of the emotions you have experienced today

34. Emotions Acceptance AffectionAggressionAnticipationApathyAnxiety AngerBoredomConfusionCuriosity DisgustDepressionDoubtEcstasyEmpathyEnvyEmbarrassmentEuphoria FearForgivenessFrustrationGratitudeGriefGuiltHatredHopeHorrorHostilityHomesicknessHungerHysteriaInterest JoyLonelinessLoveParanoiaPityPleasurePrideRageRegretRemorse SadnessShameSuffering SurpriseSympathy Trust List as many emotions as you can think of…

35. There are eight basic emotions that is related to survival… Acceptance AffectionAggressionAnticipationApathyAnxiety AngerBoredomConfusionCuriosity DisgustDepressionDoubtEcstasyEmpathyEnvyEmbarrassmentEuphoria FearForgivenessFrustrationGratitudeGriefGuiltHatredHopeHorrorHostilityHomesicknessHungerHysteriaInterest JoyLonelinessLoveParanoiaPityPleasurePrideRageRegretRemorse SadnessShameSuffering SurpriseSympathy Trust Which ones are they and why?

36. There are eight basic emotions that is related to survival… Acceptance AffectionAggressionAnticipationApathyAnxiety AngerBoredomConfusionCuriosity DisgustDepressionDoubtEcstasyEmpathyEnvyEmbarrassmentEuphoria FearForgivenessFrustrationGratitudeGriefGuiltHatredHopeHorrorHostilityHomesicknessHungerHysteriaInterest JoyLonelinessLoveParanoiaPityPleasurePrideRageRegretRemorse SadnessShameSuffering SurpriseSympathy Trust Which ones are they and why?

37. Emotions Related to Survival • Anger leads to destruction of the obstacle • Fear leads to protection • Sadness leads to a search for help and comfort • Disgust leads to rejection and pushing away • Surprise leads to a turning inward • Anticipation which lead to exploration and searching • Trust which leads to acceptance and sharing • Joy which leads to reproduction, courting and mating (Based on the work of Robert Plutchik in the 1980s)

39. Journal Reflection – Motivation • Use your knowledge of motivation and appropriate psychological terminology to answer the following questions: • What motivates people? • Give two example of times when you were motivated to do something…what motivated you to do it in each and why?

40. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Watch Evan Puschak’sVlog • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJguqh79aBo

41. Motivation and Emotion PSYCH 40S – Class 3 Source: Rathus, S. A. (2010). Psychology: Principles in Practice. Holt McDougal.

42. Marshmallow Test Walter Mischel (1972) presented the marshmallow dilemma to preschoolers at Stanford University. “You can have this marshmallow now if you want, but if you don’t eat it until after I run an errand, you can have two.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX_oy9614HQ

43. Immediate VS delayed gratification • Self-control often requires that we ignore immediate rewards in favor of larger, delayed rewards. Compared to the children who failed the marshmallow test, the children who passed it demonstrated greater personal and social competence in adulthood. • Consideration of the future consequences of one’s behaviourseems to be associated with better health, greater job success, and stronger interpersonal relations. Self-control may be the master virtue.

44. Dr. Dave Walsh - The Marshmallow Experiment • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2H9eU5NCqr8

45. The mature marshmallow test • Adults are taking the marshmallow test on pretty much a daily basis: • “Should I wait until I have saved up the cash for something I want, or should I just go ahead and put it on the credit card and worry about paying for it later?” • “Should I spend time and money getting an education in order to increase my earning potential, or should I just take the job offer and start making money now?” • “Should I save money and invest for the future, or should I spend my money to buy the things I want right now?”

46. Marshmallow Test and Emotional Intelligence How does Emotional Intelligence have anything to do with the Marshmallow Test?

47. Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence is a combination of skills, such as empathy, self-control and self-awareness. Such skills can make us more flexible, adaptable, emotionally mature. People who excel in life tend to be emotionally intelligent.

48. Emotional Intelligent People • Self-awareness (tuned in to their own feelings) • Empathy (perceive emotions in others) • Manage emotions (ability to manage your own emotions and those of others) 4. Understand emotions (know what causes various emotions, what they mean and how they affect behaviour) • Use emotions (use their feelings to enhance thinking and decision making) Page 397 Nelson’s Psychology A Journey

49. Marshmallow Test and Emotional Intelligence How does Emotional Intelligence have anything to do with the Marshmallow Test? • The marshmallow test became a critical part of the argument that emotional intelligence is important because it links the control of emotions with success.

50. Let’s back up a bit…