1 / 23

Sanitary Bathroom Habits: Men & Women

Sanitary Bathroom Habits: Men & Women. Background: . Hand Washing with Soap: . Single most effective behavior to reduce spread of infectious diseases In United States: infectious diseases = leading cause of death. Recent Study:.

thor
Télécharger la présentation

Sanitary Bathroom Habits: Men & Women

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Sanitary Bathroom Habits: Men & Women

  2. Background: Hand Washing with Soap: • Single most effective behavior to reduce spread of infectious diseases • In United States: infectious diseases = • leading cause of death Recent Study: • Sampled the hands of commuters using public transportation: • ¼ of people had FECALmatter • on hands

  3. Background: • Studies on Hand Washing Behavior: • 65% WOMEN,33% MEN • 74% WOMEN, 61% MEN • 75% WOMEN, 58% MEN • 85% WOMEN, 69% MEN Wireless sensors measuring for 32 days: 1996 Observational study: 2000 Observational, 5 cities in U.S: 2004: Observation on college campus:

  4. Background: More about the 2004 College Study: 410 Students Observed • Of those that washed their hands, only • used soap • Only of hand washers washed hands for • longer than 15 seconds • of those who washed hands washed for • 1-6 seconds 64% 10% 69%

  5. Background: 97% Women 95% Men washed hands Study conducted during SARS outbreak: • 95% of respondents reported hand washing in public restrooms • Hand washing = socially desirable • (over-reported in surveys) Survey on Hand Washing:

  6. Data Collection: Observational Study: In Public Restrooms • Observed: 132 MEN 121 WOMEN • Locations: Briarwood mall: Ann Arbor, MI RiverTown Crossings mall: Grandville, MI Quality 16 movie theater: Ann Arbor, MI Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta Int’l Airport: Atlanta, GA • Recorded: If hands were washed (with or without soap) Time spent washing hands Total time spent in bathroom

  7. Variables: • 1. = whether or not subject washed hands (with or without soap) • 2. = seconds spent washing hands (contact with soap or water) • 3. = total time in minutes spent in the actual restroom WASH HANDS TIME WASH TOTAL TIME • Research Questions: • Do more femaleswash their hands in a public restroom than males? • Do females wash their hands for a longer period of time than males in public restrooms? • Do females spend more time in the public bathrooms than males?

  8. Power Analysis: POWER: 80% SIGNIFICANCE: 0.05 HYPOTHESES: 1-Sided TEST 1: TEST 2: TEST 3: • (compare proportions) • Parameter: 15% diff. • NEED: 134 each gender • SAMPLE: 121Females • 132Males • (compare means) • Parameter: 2 sec. diff • NEED: 20 each gender • SAMPLE: 29Females • 38Males • (compare means) • Parameter: 0.5 min. diff • NEED: 20 each gender • SAMPLE: 27Females • 42Males

  9. Relationship 1: Question: Is there a higher proportion of females who wash their hands after using a public restroom than males? Null Hypothesis: The same proportion of males and females wash their hands after using public restrooms Alternative Hypothesis: A higher proportion of females than males wash their hands after using public restrooms Variables Compared: Gender and Handwashing (both categorical)

  10. Cross Tabulation: Compare Proportions At Least Five of Each Response Variable: Yes

  11. Proportion Wash: Female Proportion Wash: Male 95.04% 53.03% Sample Size Female: 121 Sample Size Male: 132 In our sample, FEMALES washed hands more often than males. Traditional Test P-value: <0.0001 < .05

  12. Conclusion Relationship 1: 1.P-Value 0.003 is less than significance level of 0.05  REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS ***it is unlikely that the difference in proportions observed occurred by chance!!! 2. Evidence supports the alternative hypothesis: ***in this sample, the proportion of females who wash their hands after using a public restroom is greater than the proportion of males • Within the population of Americans, adult females did indeed wash their hands more often than males after using a public restroom.

  13. Question: Relationship 2: Do females wash their hands after using public restrooms for a longer period of time than males? Null Hypothesis: Females and males wash their hands the same amount of time after using public restrooms Alternative Hypothesis: Females wash their hands for a longer amount of time than males after using public restrooms Variables Compared: Gender and Time Spent Washing (one categorical and one quantitative)

  14. BOX PLOT: COMPARE MEANS SKEWNESS: NONE TIME SPENT HAND- WASHING (sec) OUTLIERS: ONE GENDER

  15. Mean seconds MALES: Mean seconds FEMALES: 5.4 sec 7.8 sec Sample Size Males: 29 Sample Size Females: 38 In our sample, FEMALES washed hands in restroom for 2.4seconds longer, on average Traditional Test P-value: 0.0034 < 0.05

  16. Conclusion Relationship 2: • P-Value 0.003 is less than significance level of 0.05  REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS • ***it is unlikely that the difference in means observed occurred by chance!!! 2. Evidence supports the alternative hypothesis: ***in this sample, the difference in means found (females wash hands an average of 2.4 seconds longer) was significant • Within the population of Americans, adult females did indeed spend more seconds washing their hands after using a public restroom

  17. Question: Relationship 3: Do females spend more time in public restrooms than males? Null Hypothesis: Females and males spend the same amount of time in public restrooms Alternative Hypothesis: Females spend more time than males in public restrooms Variables Compared: Gender and Time Spent in Restroom (one categorical and one quantitative)

  18. BOX PLOT: COMPARE MEANS SKEWNESS: Slight in males, nothing major TIME SPENT IN BATHROOM (min) OUTLIERS: ZERO GENDER

  19. Mean minutes MALES: Mean minutes FEMALES: 1.03 min 2.73 min Sample Size Males: 42 Sample Size Females: 27 In our sample, FEMALES spent 1.7 more minutes in the bathroom, on average. Traditional Test P-value: <0.00001 < 0.05

  20. Conclusion Relationship 3: • P-Value <0.00001 is less than significance level of 0.05  • REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS • ***it is unlikely that the difference in means observed occurred by chance!!! 2. Evidence supports the alternative hypothesis: ***in this sample, the difference in means found (females spend 1.7 more minutes in public restrooms than males) was significant • Within the population of Americans, adult females did indeed spend more minutes public restrooms

  21. Final Summary: • Test 2: • Time spent washing hands • P-value: 0.003 • REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS • Females: 2.4 seconds longer, • on average, in our sample • Test 1: • Proportion of males & females • who wash hands in public restroom • P-value < 0.001 • REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS • Females proportion: 42% higher • Test 3: • Time spent in public restrooms • P-value < 0.001 • REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS • Females spend 1.7 minutes longer, • on average, in our sample

  22. Study Limitations: • Lindsay & Christine created a SOCIAL PRESSURE during data collection (stood near the subjects as they washed hands) • Difficult to MEASURE PRECICESLY how long subjects washed hands • Couldn’t tell a difference between when subjects were ALONE and when they were being watched • LOCATIONS: 3 public places in Michigan, • and one place in Atlanta: NOT very • representative of the whole country

  23. Resources for Background Information: Judah, G., Schmidt, W., Michie, S., Granger, S., & Curtis, V. Experimental Pretesting of Hand-Washing Interventions in a Natural Setting. 2009. American Journal of Public healh, 99(2), 405-411. Monk-Turner, E., Edwards, D., Broadstone, J., Hummel, R., Lewis, S., & Wilson, D. Another Look at Hand-Washing Behavior. 2005. Social Behavior and Personality, 33(7), 629-634.

More Related