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Chapter 24 Industry Comes of Age. Sarah and Sydney. Short Answer. What led to the growth of industrialization? How? How did big businesses flourish and gain control in the Gilded Age?. Themes.
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Chapter 24 Industry Comes of Age Sarah and Sydney
Short Answer What led to the growth of industrialization? How? How did big businesses flourish and gain control in the Gilded Age?
Themes • After the Civil War railroads began to be in demand. Railroads were a connection to other nations, and increased the economy. • Any where without railroads became forgotten, and areas with railroads were booming with communities, and money.
Main Ideas • 35,000 mi. of track laid in 1865 to a whopping 192,556 mi. of track in 1900’s • Congress gave land to railroad companies, Companies were able to determine rail road routes , but others weren’t able to use them until they decided were they would go. • Railroad were important to have in towns, they determined their popularity.
Themes • Goal was to build a transcontinental railroad. But there was a problem whether to build it in the North or South. • Many difficulties passed like losing workers, and money being taken out of building these railways.
Main Ideas • Union Pacific Railroad laying rail road from Omaha, Nebraska to California. But Credit Mobilier took 23 million dollars in profit. • Irish workers were attacked by Indians, who wanted their land back, and both workers and Indians died.
Theme • Four Transcontinental railroads were built before 1900’s. Land was sometimes overpaid for and caused banks to go bankrupt.
Main Ideas • Northern Pacific Railroad • Lake Superior to Puget Sound • Atchison, Topeka, Santa Fe • Through Southwest deserts • Southern Pacific • New Orleans to San Francisco • Great Northern • From Duluth to Seattle
Themes • New, and more helpful things were used to make the railroad safer.
Main Ideas • Steel Rail • Westing house air brake • Pullman Palace Cars • Telegraphs • Double-racking • Block Signals
Themes • Railroads helped to further the United States Socially and Economically. Such as interconnecting nations, and taking people to and from jobs.
Main Ideas • Generated jobs, and sped up industrialization, and stimulated mining and agriculture. • Cities had their own national time zones • Made people wealthy and created a new social class.
Themes • Corruption was found in the Railroad industry. With credit Mobilizers, and bribing judges and legislatures.
Main Ideas • Jay Gould became wealthy from embezzling stocks from Erie, Kansas Pacific, the Union Pacific, and Texas and Railroad companies. • Ideas of Trust entered also known as pools
Theme • Farmers attempted to stop Corruption. But the Supreme Court ruled in the Wabash Case. Interstate Commerce Act was passed.
Main Ideas • Ruling that states could not regulate interstate commerce. Interstate Commerce Act was passed so customers wouldn’t be taken advantage of. • A start to regulating business for societies interest.
Themes • From being the fourth largest manufacture the U.S. became the first.
Main Ideas • Natural Resources • Coal,oirl, iron • Cheap labor • Inventing • Cash register • Stock ticker • Typewriter • Telephone • Electric Light Bulb
Themes • Owners of Industries created ways to eliminate competition, and increase profits
Main Ideas • Vertical Integration • Andrew Carnegie • Horizontal Integration • Interlocking Directorates • John D. Rockefeller
Themes • Steel was considered very expensive before 1900’s, but it became very popular. America produced as much steel as Germany and England. • Carnegie worked hard to become a billionare. J.P. Morgan already made a lot of money from banking, and wall street. But Morgan bought off Carnegie
Main Ideas • The Bessemer process made steel making cheaper • Carnegie spent the rest of his life donating 350 million to charity, pensions, and liberties • Morgan created the States Steel Corporation
Themes • The post-Civil War era was characterized by big businesses and industrialization. Big businesses, such as Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company, used corrupt and cruel methods to become monopolies. • Masses of people cried out against the injustices of monopolies. They appealed to Congress to regulate the corporations.
Main Ideas • Monopolies also controlled the railroad with the weight of their business. • Big corporations often bought out small businesses • Rockefeller dominated the oil industry • Big businesses used multiple bribes to control congress Rockefeller
Main Ideas • Big corporations used these to justify their monopolies: • “survival of the fittest” theory millionaires were products of natural selection • The “Gospel of Wealth” the wealthy have to use their riches to better society and thus prove that they’re deserving of their wealth • The Fourteenth Amendment “No state shall make or enforce any law which deprives any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law”
Main Ideas • Sherman Trust Act was signed into law in 1890 • Forbade combinations in restraint of trade • No distinction between good and bad trusts • It was ineffective
Theme • While the North and West were swept away with industrialization, the South remained rural. However, some industries were introduced to the south.
Main Ideas • The demand for tobacco boosted the southern agriculture. • James Buchanan Duke established the American Tobacco Company • Northern industrialists became obstacles to the expansion and success of southern industry • Cotton textile mills were set up in the South because the labor was cheap
Themes • Industrialization transformed the practices of labor and the condition of American working people. Industrialization also attracted a new work force
Main Ideas • Industries: • employed children as young as 6 • Attracted immigrants to the U.S. • Introduced “living by the clock” • Gave women more opportunity in the workforce
Main Ideas • The conditions of wage workers was poor: • The work day was 10 hours • Wages were low • the jobs were insecure • The government didn’t provide protection for the working class • Laissez-faire system
Themes • Labor unions were formed due to the poor working conditions and low wages. Despite the frequent efforts of reformers and unions, workers failed to develop effective organizations to match the corporate power.
Main Ideas • There were three main unions in the Gilded Age: • National Labor Union • Campaigned for settling industrial disputes and eight-hour work days • Knights of Labor • Campaigned for economic and social reform • Strikes were successful • The Haymarket Square Bomb doomed the Knights of Labor as they were believed to be associated with anarchists • American Federation of Labor • Founder was Samuel Gomper • It was an association of national unions- united unions through one agenda • Gomper demanded better wages, hours, and working conditions
The Rules • Choose a word from the sack • Try to get your team to guess the word without saying the word • The clue giver MAY: • make any gestures • give almost any verbal clues • Tell members to remove a part of a word • i.e. ing • Clue giver may NOT: • Give the first letter of the word • Say a part of the word in the clue • i.e. shoe for shoehorn • As soon as your team guesses the clue, pass the sack to the person on your left as fast as you can!
