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Ontology Engineering with OntoClean

Ontology Engineering with OntoClean. Chris Welty IBM Watson Research Center. People Nicola Guarino Cladio Masolo Aldo Gangemi Alessandro Oltramari Bill Andersen. Organizations IBM Research Vassar College, USA LADSEB-CNR, Padova CNR Cognitive Science Institute, Trento

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Ontology Engineering with OntoClean

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  1. Ontology Engineering with OntoClean Chris Welty IBM Watson Research Center

  2. People Nicola Guarino Cladio Masolo Aldo Gangemi Alessandro Oltramari Bill Andersen Organizations IBM Research Vassar College, USA LADSEB-CNR, Padova CNR Cognitive Science Institute, Trento OntologyWorks, Inc. Acknowledgements

  3. Which one is better? ThinkPad Model ThinkPad T Series model T-Series Thinkpad

  4. Computer Part Disk Drive Memory Which one is better? Computer Computer has-part has-part Disk Drive Memory Computer Part Disk Part Memory Part Due to: Guizzardi, et al, 2004.

  5. Formal Ontology of Relations • Subsumption • Instantiation • Part/Whole • Constitution • Spatial (Cohn) • Temporal (Allen)

  6. Subsumption • The most pervasive relationship in ontologies • Influence of taxonomies and OO • AKA: Is-a, a-kind-of, specialization-of, subclass (Brachman, 1983) • “horse is a mammal” • Capitalizes on general knowledge • Helps deal with complexity, structure • Reduces requirement to acquire and represent redundant specifics • What does it mean? □ x f(x) r(x) Every instance of the subclass is necessarily an instance of the superclass

  7. Overloading Subsumption Common modeling pitfalls • Instantiation • Constitution • Composition • Disjunction • Polysemy • Temporality • Spatial/Containment

  8. Instantiation Pitfall Does this ontology mean that My ThinkPadis aThinkPad Model? ThinkPad Model T21 Ooops… My ThinkPad (s# xx123) Question: What ThinkPad models do you sell? Answer should NOT include My ThinkPad -- nor yours.

  9. model Instantiation Notebook Computer ThinkPad Model T Series T 21 My ThinkPad (s# xx123)

  10. Composition Pitfall Computer Disk Drive Memory Micro Drive Question: What Computers do you sell? Answer should NOT include Disk Drives or Memory.

  11. Composition Computer part-of Disk Drive Memory Micro Drive

  12. Disjunction Pitfall has-part Computer Computer Part Disk Drive Memory Micro Drive has-part Flashcard-110 Camera-15 Unintended model: flashcard-110 is a computer-part

  13. has-part Disk Drive  Memory  … Computer Disjunction

  14. Polysemy Pitfall(Mikrokosmos) Physical Object Abstract Entity Book ….. Question: How many books do you have on Hemingway? Answer: 5,000

  15. Polysemy(WordNet) Physical Object Abstract Entity Book Sense 1 Book Sense 2 Biography of Hemingway …..

  16. Constitution Pitfall(WordNet) Entity Amount of Matter Physical Object Clay Metal Computer Question: What types of matter will conduct electricity? Answer should NOT include computers.

  17. Constitution Entity Physical Object Amount of Matter constituted Computer Metal Clay

  18. Temporality Pitfall(Wikipedia) 1960s 1964 1963 Chris

  19. Temporality Pitfall(Wikipedia) 1960s births 1964 births 1963 births Chris

  20. Temporality Decade 1960s contains 1964 1963 bornIn Chris Year Person

  21. Spatial/Containment Pitfall(OWL Guide) French Region Loire Region Alsace Region

  22. Spatial/Containment Country France contains Loire Alsace Region

  23. Its about the instances • For every class, think about what an instance of it is • What is an instance of “Loire Region”? • Classes do not describe their subclasses • “Regions by Country” is a class of classes • Criteria for individuation must remain constant within a taxonomy • Instance of a class is also an instance of every superclass • Thus “Chris” is not an instance of “1963 births” • Explore the “boundary conditions” • E.g. Changes in existence, distinctions with similar classes • “Leaf Nodes” of a hierarchy have no special significance • Don’t switch to instances

  24. Composition (part of) Arm subclass body Constitution Statue subclass marble Disjunction (class Car partial (all hasPart CarPart) (Engine subclass CarPart) (Tire subclass CarPart) Spatial NewYork subclass US Polysemy Book subClass PhysicalObject Book subClass ConceptualCreation Arbitrary organizational nodes FictionalBookbyLatinAmericanAuthor subClass FictionalBook Instance PinotNoir instanceof Grape Temporality YoungElvis instanceOf Elvis Common Pitfalls

  25. The linguistic tests • If P subclass Q, you should be able to say “P is a kind of Q” • If a instanceOf P, you should be able to say, “a is a P” • If a instanceof P subClassOf Q, you should be able to say “a is a Q” • For every instance, there should be a class it is (rigidly) an instance of that is its natural label • You should not find it natural to say, if P subclassOf Q, “P has Q”, “P might be Q”, “P was Q”, “P is in Q”, “P is part of Q”

  26. What’s in a name • Don’t argue about what specific terms mean • Common software architecture argument: “What is a bridge?” • Try and find the distinctions that matter • Assign them labels later • Avoid “ish” “-thing” & “other-” classes • Find good names that will avoid meaning creep • Other- classes create a maintenance nightmare • Classes describe their instances • Remember the linguistic tests • The superclass is not part of the name • So don’t assume it is (e.g. Best_Practices subClassOf Document)

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