1. Examples Of Unsound Valid Deductive Argument Deductive and Inductive Arguments Unsound Valid Deductive Argument Premise 1: My husband does not work on the weekends. Premise 2: My husband was home today. Conclusion: It must be a weekend. This argument precludes the fact that he may be home sick, or using paid time off. Therefore, this is not a sound argument, though the premises are true, as it does not account for other factors that may keep my husband home. Sound Valid Deductive Argument Premise 1: My baby cries when he needs something. Premise 2: My baby is crying. Conclusion: He needs something. This argument is sound and valid, as my baby only cries when there is something that must be done for him, whether that be feeding, changing, playing, etc. Weak Inductive Argument ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

3. Deductive Reasoning Strengths And Weaknesses Additionally, deductive reasoning is where general principles guide individuals as they analyze specific situations. I was able to utilize my deductive reasoning skills when I noticed a dip in a specific industries advertising levels. I was able to deduce the reason and take action to regain a portion of that business. I have also discovered a few weaknesses through the assessments. I get bored fast and act impulsively. I have learned through the Myers Brigg assessment that the likely reason for failing to complete college in the past was my ENFJ learning style. When I took a class that was of great interest to me and used active learning methods such as debates I was able to do well and enjoyed it. When I needed to take a class that I failed ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

5. Deductive and Inductive Reasoning Deductive and inductive reasoning A deductive argument tends to work from the generalized to the more specific. It often referred to as a top–down approach informally. The conclusions that are made in deductive argument follow logically from the facts that are available. A deductive approach can be taken on the statement traditional publishing has been rendered unnecessary by the rise of digital publication. Electrical publishing which is also referred to as ePublishing or digital publishing involves the publication of e–books, electronic articles, digital libraries and EPUBS. It is becoming a common trend to distribute books, newspapers and even magazines directly to readers through tablet reading devices. This has been generated by vendors who operate online like Apple iTunes bookstore and books in the android market among others. Market researchers have made suggestions that most of the magazines and newspapers that will be in circulation will be done through digital means by 2015(Sader, 2004). Most of the publishing companies are also considering making agreements with these electronic publishing networks like Apple so that they can increase the publications through them and eventually no more traditional publishing will be done (Rothchild, I. 2006). From the look at the general trend in publishing that most people and firms are taking as depicted above, it is safe to take the deductive conclusion that "Traditional publishing has been rendered unnecessary by the ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

7. Deductive and Inductive Grammar Teaching DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE GRAMMAR TEACHING By Arnis Silvia (arnis.silvia@gmail.com) I. Introduction: What is Grammar Teaching and Why? In traditional setting, grammar teaching is seen as the presentation and practice of discrete grammatical structures. More comprehensively, Ellis1 (2006) defines grammar teaching as: Grammar teaching involves any instructional technique that draws learners ' attention to some specific grammatical form in such a way that it helps them either to understand it metalinguistically and/or process it in comprehension and/or production so that they can internalize it. Further, Ellis (2006) points out some key concepts in teaching grammar. First, some grammar lessons might consist of presentation by...show more content... Within this period, grammar was abandoned. However, the language users now agree that grammar is too good to be abandoned, as without good command of grammar, language development will be constrained. Besides, 3 Richards, J.C, & Renandya, W.A (eds). Methodology in Language Teaching: An Anthology of Current Practice). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002. p.145 language within a good grammar is a requirement for someone to be accepted in certain social contexts, says academics, law, medics, and such where the use of language Since then, the issue does not ask whether to teach grammar or not, but it shifts to: how should we teach grammar? should we teach it deductively or inductively? which grammar should be taught? It implies that "the controversy has always been whether grammar should be taught explicitly through a formal presentation of grammatical rules or implicitly through natural exposure to meaningful language use." (Nassaji & Fortos4, 2011) Further, the most current issue in grammar teaching mentions that the main issues of grammar and grammar teaching covers three major problems, which are: " ... beginning with those that conceptualized teaching in terms of methods with an exclusive focus on grammar, continuing later as types of exposure to meaningful communication, and emerging more recently as a set of instructional options ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

9. Inductive & Deductive Research INDUCTIVE & DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH Meritorious Prof. Dr. S. M. Aqil Burney Director UBIT Chairman Department of Computer Science University of Karachi burney@computer.org www.drburney.net Designed and Assisted by Hussain Saleem hussainsaleem@uok.edu.pk 06th March 2008 "Well begun is half done" ––Aristotle, quoting an old proverb 2 Research Methods In research, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive approaches. Research Types Deductive Approach Inductive Approach 3 Deductive Research Approach THEORY HYPOTHESIS OBSERVATION Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally

10. called a "top–down"...show more content... PP 61–75 61 CS/IT" 8 9 Reasoning methods and Argumentation The main division between forms of reasoning that is made in philosophy is between deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. Formal logic has been described as 'the science of deduction '. The study of inductive reasoning is generally carried out within the field known as informal logic or critical thinking. 10 http://www.phac–aspc.gc.ca/publicat/cdic–mcc/18–3/d_e.html 11 Automated Reasoning Logic lends itself to automation. A variety of problems can be attacked by representing the problem description and relevant background information as logical axioms and treating problem instances as theorems to be proved. 12 72/98 Logic and Reasoning Reasoning Using given knowledge and truth value help us to solve, understand real life problems. Logical Reasoning Probabilistic Reasoning Bayesian Networks Subjective Objective 13 EXAMPLE

11. p: All mathematicians wear glasses q: Anyone who wears glasses is an algebraist r: All mathematicians are algebraist p∧q → r ≡ ( ∼( p∧q) ∨ r) 14 TRUTH TABLE Truth Table for the formulae built with the Logical Operators p T T T T F F F F q T T F F T T F F r T F T F T F T F pΛq ~(pΛq) ~(pΛq)Vr Λ Λ Λ T F T T F F F T T F T T F T T F T T F T T F T T 15 If r is the conclusion, and we know that p and q are true simultaneously then r is valid statement. In real life, the ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

13. Deductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning In order to fully understand deductive reasoning, there are certain points to be noted. First, what is the nature of deductive reasoning? Logical strength is defined as the property of an argument whose premises, if true provide support for its conclusion. Deductive and inductive arguments are also distinguished based on the point that logical strength is a matter of degree. This distinction makes it necessary to understand the nature of deductive reasoning. Therefore, deductive arguments are those whose premises guarantee the truth of the conclusion, and inductive arguments are those whose premises make it reasonable to accept the conclusion though do not absolutely guarantee its truth. Deductive reasoning is...show more content... ? The logical operators also play crucial part in telling precisely how the truth of the statement as a whole is determined by the truth values of its component statements. They also define the different kinds of truth–functional statement as explained above. Four kinds of truth–functions: 1. It is false that Keanu Reeves is gay. Negation – the statement p is false is true when the component statement is false and false when the component statement is true 2. Manny Pacquiao is the world's featherweight champion and he has not been defeated so far. Conjunction ? true if and only if both statements are true and false it both is false or either one is false 3. Either he stole it or somebody else stole it. Disjunction ? true when either one of the components is true or if both are true, it is false when both are false ? It is to note that disjunction is to be considered among complex statements. Consider the example, either Mac did it or Bud it. This statement will still be grammatically correct if written as either Mac or Bud did it but this perhaps is merely a simple statement containing compound subjects. ? It is also important to note that in a disjunctive truth– function the two disjuncts are exhaustive but not exclusive. This means that the disjuncts cannot be both false (exhaustive) but both may be true (not exclusive). 4. If one commits homicide then he must be imprisoned. Implication ? if p then q; the first component is called the antecedent, the second ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

15. Examples Of Inductive Approach In general, there were two approaches that could be applied to teach grammar: deductive and inductive. This dichotomy was built upon rule–based and example–based teaching. The deductive approach, also known as a 'top down' approach, was a rule–based teaching style that involved explaining the grammar item to learners before they encountered how rules functioned in language and then applying it; therefore, the deductive approach was one of the explicit teaching styles (Cowan, 2008). This approach was derived from the notion of deductive reasoning where the concept went from the general to the specific. It can also be called rule driven learning. In such an approach, the most favorable method was Grammar Translation Method where the grammar...show more content... This question relates to a long–standing debate among language teachers in the context of EFL/ESL, since the two had their own significances for Particular learner progress. On one side, deductive approach can be effective with students of a lower level, who are beginning to learn the basic structures of the language, or with students who are accustomed to a more traditional style of learning (Goner, Philips, and Walters,1995,p.134). Also, Deductive approach goes straightforwardly to the point and can, therefore, be time–saving for the teacher and the class. Robinson (1996) proved that learners performed grammatical tasks better and reacted faster in deductive rather than inductive teaching. Erlam (2003) confirmed that deductive teaching was easier for learners to acquire direct object pronouns in French as a second language, and it was highly likely that the same holds true for learners of ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

17. Example Of An Unsound Deductive Argument An example of an unsound valid deductive argument from my life is that the online course at Ashford University that I am taking is the best option for me to continue studying because I do not have other option and is the best decision I made. (P1)–If the online course at Ashford University that I am taking is the best option to continue studying because I do not have other option then I am taking the best decision. (P2)– I don't have other option (C)– At least is the best decision. ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

19. How Is Each Related To Deductive Inquiry? 1. Explain and give an example of how a review of the scientific literature can help a researcher to narrow the focus of a research topic. Reviewing scientific literature can help by establishing a connection to research topic, establish a connection to research and theory, and provides information about the procedures in other related studies. Reading multiple articles of investigative articles in a credible magazine would give the researcher a foundation in the technical aspects of academic writing. The Researcher can also gather information. This will allow the observer to expand on data previously gathered. 2. Explain the difference between quantitative and qualitative research questions. What is the scientific objective of each type of question? How is each related to deductive and inductive inquiry?...show more content... Quantitative question's objective in scientific research is for testing objects outside of the human race that respond only to variables and have mathematically set rules. The objective of a qualitative question is to study behaviors that respond to a set of rules that are affected not affected only mathematically but by a set of social rules. Deductive logic uses quantitative questions that allow a more solid outcome. Inductive inquire uses qualitative that allows a person to make an assumption because of the unpredictability of human behavior. 3. What are the necessary criteria for establishing causal relationships in quantitative research? Establishing casual relationships in quantitative research involves evidence of association, direction of influence, and absence of common cause. This involves studying variables only. 4. Give an example of how research design in qualitative research is more "open–ended" than in quantitative ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

21. Deductive Critical Thinking INTRODUCTION In our day to day studies, almost everything is transformed into our understanding by the creation of arguments in our brains. An argument is basically described as a process of making what we think clear to ourselves and others .the final goal of an argument is usually to reach a conclusion which is sufficiently persuasive to convince someone of something. Any argument that relies on collection of data, on measurement, on information collected somehow (rather than on a general principle) is known as an inductive argument. On the other hand an argument which begins with a generally true phrase to a particular phrase is known as a deductive argument. BODY Usually in a deductive argument, the premises are meant to provide a guarantee...show more content... Inductive arguments, therefore, can take vary wide ranging forms, including arguments dealing with statistical data, generalizations from past experience appeals to signs, evidence or authority and casual relationship. The following is an example of an inductive argument: It has snowed in Massachusetts every December in recorded history. Therefore, it will snow in Massachusetts this coming December. How do inductive and deductive arguments help us in critical thinking? This is a question that needs much insight so as to fully understand the role of inductive and deductive arguments in critical thinking. Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally. It includes the ability to engage in reflective & independent thinking. So deductive and inductive arguments will help in the following ways in critical thinking: 1. Making accurate and logic decisions. In arguments, facts are reviewed, wrote and reviewed again. By this, it usually helps one to make decisions accurately .arguments really helps someone to understand every single piece of information because when you fail to understand a part of given information then it is likely to make biased ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

23. Deduction Vs Deductive Reasoning Induction and deduction are pervasive elements in critical thinking. They are also somewhat misunderstood terms. Arguments based on experience or observation are best expressed inductively, while arguments based on laws or rules are best expressed deductively. Most arguments are mainly inductive. In fact, inductive reasoning usually comes much more naturally to us than deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning that is based on a general statement of fact is hard to argue with. When using this method, you begin with a factual statement that describes a class of things, such as animals. "In deductive inference, we hold a theory and based on it we make a prediction of its consequences. That is, we predict what the observations should be if the...show more content... Once this step has been completed, the next step involves coding the data for statistical analysis in which the results are supported with theories. The important item that makes inductive profiling more robust than deductive profiling is, through research observable patterns in the data can be found that lead to new theories. Rather than being stagnated with held views of behavior, inductive profiling is like a revolving door – researchers are always striving to look for emerging patterns in crime data, which leads to new ways to assist ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

25. Deductive Reasoning Since all three had an adverse reaction to me, I used deductive reasoning. Being so easily rejected, they appeared to be physically put off by my asking them for coffee. This reasoning led me to one simple conclusion, which was to ask myself if I had a right to ask any woman out, if I could cause such an adverse reaction. A woman once told me I looked too serious when interacting with her. I still do not know what she meant by that. It appeared I had been Sheldon Cooper long before Jim Parsons played the character. I am sure some of this apprehension on my part is due to issues that I am struggling to overcome. I also suspect that I will always be dealing with some issue or another in the struggle to be free of the demons that haunted me ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

27. Research Approach And Inductive Approach When choosing the research approach, when the selection between deductive approach and inductive approach both are suitable for the research. Deductive approach is when theory and hypothesis are built up after reading literature and the testing theory and hypothesis is tested. Inductive approach is focused on the testing theory. When this theory developed from the analysis of collected data which depend on building theory (Saunders etal., 2003). So, the chosen method is the deductive approach. First of all, we started to read the different literature to find the theories of our questions. If we start to talk about research philosophy, we understand the way of thinking when it comes to the development of knowledge. We can form the research process...show more content... When purchasing buyers have different choices all they make can be stressful and the possibility and demand on how to act and what to say can be an extra burden. Sometimes, the proposal of a product from consumers come or just take a product among many. It will be difficult to make choices, especially at the first purchase situation in an unknown environment. The purpose of this dissertation was to do a brand research to see the movements of consumers for brand awareness. When purchasing for the first–time what extent brand awareness matters in an unfamiliar environment or culture. According to the research or theories, the consumer often buys products most they recognize the brand easily more than the unknown brand. So, the factors have a greater effect on the consumers for their buying behavior. Because of the time limitations, we are focusing on the best–known theories in this field. The population was limited to the students of Daffodil University. The theories in our questionnaire only included everyday commodities since student's probable buy such products that they need for daily use products. Further, in the research, the only factors that we considered were the one that had the most effect on the choice of ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

29. Inductve Approach Vs Deductive Approach The inductive approach is easier, both to write and to receive. When writing a bad–news letter, it is imperative for the writer to be in a positive mindset. Writing a buffer paragraph first, puts the writer in a constructive frame of mind and the result will most likely be positive. "The chances of getting your audience to understand the reasons are much better before the bad news is presented...," sums up my preference for the inductive approach rather than the deductive approach. In the five step outline in the text book, I feel that the explanation is key to retaining goodwill. An explanation for the refusal will often serve as a diffuser in a bad news message, whether in writing or in person, and it shows the audience that the problem, ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

31. Compare And Contrastive And Deductive Reasoning The inductive and deductive reasoning seems dissimilar to each other from all accounts. Inductive reasoning involves a scientist using series of correlated observations to reach or infer a conclusion while deductive reasoning involves predicting a specific result by following existing laws and general concepts that support a conclusion (OpenStax College, & Rice University, 2013). So, considering the definition of inductive reasoning and the definition of deductive reasoning and their mode of operations highlighted above, they are apparently different from each other. In comparing and contrasting both approaches, inductive reasoning focuses on observation while deductive reasoning considers the generally accepted facts to ascertain the authenticity of a specific case. With the obvious difference in their modus operandi, inductive and deductive reasoning both use hypothesis, tests, repetitions...show more content... The two methods can, as a matter of fact, be complementary when used in experiments. In other words, the top–down logic of the deductive reasoning can be supported by the bottom–up logic of the inductive reasoning. In addition, it may be necessary to evaluate which approach is best for getting the required findings. The observational approach used by inductive reasoning can be solidified by the evidence gathered from the test results of a supported hypothesis. This, in my opinion, is what an intelligent scientist should do when working on a specific experiment. In an attempt to find a solution or answer tough questions regarding scientific or biological matters, it would be unwise or unnecessary to apply rigidity in using any of the discussed methods as both are complementary to each ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

33. Inductive Approach Deductive: Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. Deductive reasoning is sometimes referred to as top–down logic. Its counterpart, inductive reasoning, is sometimes referred to as bottom–up logic. Difference: The main difference between inductive and deductive approaches to research is that whilst a deductive approach is aimed and testing theory, an inductive approach is concerned with the generation of new theory emerging from the data. Inductive or Deductive? Two Different Approaches Learning Objectives 1. Describe the inductive approach to research, and provide examples of inductive research. 2. Describe the deductive approach...show more content... Specifically, no hypotheses can be found at the initial stages of the research and the researcher is not sure about the type and nature of the research findings until the study is completed. In inductive approach there is no theory at the beginning point of the research, and theories may evolve as a result of the research: It is noted that "inductive reasoning is often referred to as a "bottom–up" approach to knowing, in which the researcher uses observations to build an abstraction or to describe a picture of the phenomenon that is being studied" (Lodico et al, 2010, p.10). In other words, in inductive studies no known theories or patterns need to be tested during the research process. Inductive reasoning is based on learning from experience. Patterns, resemblances and regularities in experience (premises) are observed in order to reach conclusions (or to generate theory). Here is an example: My nephew borrowed $100 last June but he did not pay back until September as he had promised (PREMISE). Then he assured me that he will pay back until Christmas but he didn't (PREMISE). He also failed in to keep his promise to pay back in March (PREMISE). I reckon I have to face the facts. My nephew is never going to pay me back ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

35. How Does Sherlock Holme Use Deductive Reasoning Compare/Contrast Essay Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's character, Sherlock Holmes, once said "I consider that a man's brain originally is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose." This quote can be found in A Study in Scarlet and relates to how Sherlock feels about knowledge. Sherlock even seems to use this to help him reason and understand the characteristics of people who cross paths with him. Both The Great Mouse Detective (GMD) and Sherlock Holmes (SH) use characteristics, from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's short stories, but they are depicted and intertwined into the stories very differently. In the movies The Great Mouse Detective and Sherlock Holmes, deductive reasoning is the main tool used to solve cases. Sherlock Holmes, the lead detective in SH, uses deductive reasoning to decipher how the antagonist pulls off the illusions. Basil of Baker Street, the lead detective in GMD, uses deductive reasoning in a similar way to figure out the antagonist's evil scheme. While deductive reasoning is used in both films, Sherlock Holmes seems to use it more uniformly, as opposed to Basil who appears to use deductive reasoning more sporadically. Sherlock also tends to rely less on others own reasoning, and more on their abilities to...show more content... Dr. Watson and Dr. Dawson are both the lead detective's friend and help the lead detective solve cases. They are good people that wish to help others, but they often need the lead detective to explain how all the clues connect. The characters are based off of the original Dr.Watson and have the same back story, including the fact they have seen war. Dr. Watson from SH, is a skinnier guy with well groomed facial hair, and he doesn't put up with drivel from Sherlock Holmes. Dr. Dawson, however, is a chubby man with less well groomed facial hair, and he is a lot more patient with Sherlock's outlandish ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

37. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Deductive Method Strengths and weaknesses of Deductive and Inductive grammar teaching Erlam (2003) defines the deductive method as a process that moves from general to specific. The learners are exposed to the general use, and they apply the rule to particular examples of language use. And this method ismost close with the Grammar–Translation approach (Gollin, 1998). This approach, according to Brinton, Celce– Murcia and Snow (2014) was used as a way to teach Latin and other languages. This Approach has some elements, which are as follows: – The focus is on grammatical parsing. – Using the native language of the students. – Little use of the target language for communication. – Atypical exercise is to translate sentences from the target language into the mother tongue. The Deductive method is related to conscious learning. This method tries to place a great emphasis on error correction and presentation of explicit rules. The deductive method is often used with adult learners. The teacher in this method teaches the rule explicitly to learners, and they are ready to cope with exercises given (Krashen, 2002). The deductive method has its own strengths and weaknesses, according to Widodo (2006), which are in the following table: Strengths 1–The Deductive approach goes straight forwardly to the point and time–saving. The positive aspect of the method is that it saves time. Teacher's explanations, independent work and subsequent checks are effective methods for learning facts and developing basic skills (Allahyar and Ramezanpour, 2011, p. 240–243; Entwistle, 1998, p.225–258). 2– A number of rule aspects (for example, form) can be more simply and clearly explained than elicited from examples. 3– A number of direct practice/application examples are immediately given. 4– The deductive approach respects the intelligence and maturity of many adult learners in particular and acknowledges the role of cognitive processes in language acquisition. 5–It confirms many learners' expectations about classroom learning, particularly for those who have an analytical style. Weaknesses 1– Beginning the lesson with a grammar presentation may be off putting for some Learners, especially younger ones. 2– Younger learners may not be able to ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

39. "My mind," he said, "rebels at stagnation. Give me problems, give me work, give me the most abstruse cryptogram or the most intricate analysis, and I am in my own proper atmosphere. I can dispense then with artificial stimulants. But I abhor the dull routine of existence. I crave for mental exaltation" (Sign of Four 6). Sherlock Holmes can not only solve the mysteries that are presented to him, but he can solve them with ease because of his reasoning skills. In particular, he mostly uses abductive reasoning, but sometimes he uses deductive and inductive reasoning. This also overlaps into mathematics, with proofs and inferences. First, deductive reasoning is "a truth–guaranteeing type of reasoning, meaning that if the premises of a deductive argument are correct, then the conclusion must inescapably...show more content... Sherlock Holmes uses many of the rules of inferences to come up with his conclusion. For my second example of abductive reasoning you could see it written out as; 1. Mr. Wilson wears an arc– and–compass breastpin. 2. If Mr. Wilson is a Freemason, then he would wear an arc–and–compass breastpin. 3. Therefore, Mr. Wilson is a Freemason. Simplified it would look like; 1. P. 2. If Q then P. 3. Therefore Q. This is the definition of modus ponens inference in math terms. Inferences can be turned into proofs by simply stating them in full sentences. Not only does Sherlock use proofs, he uses indirect proofs. As Sherlock says, "It is an old maxim of mine that when you have excluded the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth" which we call an indirect proof (The Speckled Band 164). The Silver Blaze has an excellent example, Sherlock deducts "that he must have gone to King's Pyland or to Mapleton. He is not at King's Pyland, therefore he is at Mapleton" (Silver Blaze 291). In the long run, the proofs and inferences just back up my conclusion that Sherlock's reasoning skills are ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

41. What Makes A Deductive Argument With your first argument I think you should add more to your premises or add another premise to support your conclusion. This example gives a very broad overview on alcohol related accidents. How much was the person that got into the accident drinking. You could add a premise that states this many percent of people drive while being legally intoxicated. I would also add for premise one the percent of people that die in alcohol–related accidents every year or for a certain number of years. This will make your argument stronger. With your second argument is more of a deductive argument as premise one and two are true and the conclusion is guaranteed. So this would be a valid deductive argument. For an inductive argument the conclusion should ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...