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Foundations of Classical Greece: From Homer to Herodotus

Explore the stages of Greek civilization from the Minoan Period (ca. 2900-1400 BC) to the rise of city-states in the 8th century BC. Discover pivotal events like the Fall of Troy, the influence of Homer and his epics, and the evolution of the Greek language and alphabet. Delve into the societal values of ancient Greece, including arete, family honor, and bravery, while understanding the role of women and the significance of colonization. Learn how mythology intertwined with history to shape Greek cultural identity and democracy.

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Foundations of Classical Greece: From Homer to Herodotus

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  1. FROM HOMER TO HERODOTUS __________________ FOUNDATIONS OF CLASSICAL GREECE

  2. STAGES IN GREEK CIVILIZATION • Ca. 2900-1400 BC: Minoan Period • Ca. 1600-1150 BC: Mycenean Period • Ca. 1250 BC: Fall of Troy? • Ca. 1250-1150 BC: Fall of Mycenaean Empire • Ca. 1100-750 BC: “Dark Ages” • Ca. 750 BC: Written Greek Language • Ca. 750 BC: Homer • Ca. 750 BC: Beginnings of Greek colonization

  3. Greek Alphabet • Ca. 8th century BC • Adapted Phoenician Alphabet • 23 letters:16 consonants & 7 vowels • Earliest examples ca. 740 BC • Standardized 4th century BC • Tablets and Papyrus • Greek word for papyrus is biblos, hence Bible

  4. Map of Ancient Greece

  5. Trojan War (c.1250 BC) Legend of Paris and Helen

  6. Achilles and Patroclus

  7. Achilles and Hektor • Achilles’ pride • Vengeance for Patroclus’ death • Battle of heroes • Disgracing Hector’s body

  8. Archaic Literature • Epic Poetry from dark ages • Iliad • Odyssey • Oral vs. written forms: bardic tradition • Written by 700 BC • The authorship of Homer questioned

  9. The Iliad and History • Iliadas the Trojan War • For Ancient Greeks “mythos” as truth • For us “myth” is thought of as legend • To the Greeks (and other ancient peoples), myths provide explanations (science=body of knowledge) • Levels of History • Distinctions between 800 BC- 1250 BC • Mycenaean burial vs. archaic cremation • Mycenaean chariots • Temples

  10. What can the Iliad reveal? • What is the relationship between gods and mortals? • What is the role of war? • How is the battlefield managed? • What is the status of women? • What does this say about democracy? • What are the values of this society?

  11. Homer, The Iliad

  12. Homer, The Iliad

  13. VALUES AND VIRTUES IN GREEK SOCIETY • Virtues of arete and Penelope • Honor (timé) and Family “Always be the best and distinguished above others” “Do not bring shame on the family of your fathers” • Bravery (agathos) expected Trojan War Olympic Games (776 BCE)

  14. Values and virtues for women in Greek society Management of the household as wife and mother • Helen and Paris • Andromache and Hector • Penelope and Odysseus • Clytemnestra and Agamennon

  15. Rise of Polis 8th Century BC to 5th Century BC Polis = city (->politics) Corinth, Sparta, and Athens Monarchy, Oligarchy, and Democracy Tyranny Citizenship Hierarchy

  16. Expansion of Greece Age of colonialization: 750 BC to 500 BC Mother city (metropolis) established colonies under founder (oikistes); colony independent Major areas: Black Sea, Southern Italy, Spain, Asia Minor, Macedonia, North Africa Purpose of Colonization Trade Resources Citizenship

  17. Greek Colonization of the Mediterranean 750 – 500 B.C.

  18. PANATHENAIC PRIZE AMPHORA c. 530 BC

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