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Heat, Energy and Phase Change

Heat, Energy and Phase Change. Chemistry Lowell High School 2006-2007. 3/5/07 to …. Agenda. FYI’s Survey Extra Credit Acid Base Titration Lab Energy Concepts Phase Diagrams. Monday, March 5, 2007. FYI. Science Survey 3/7 Wednesday (check website)

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Heat, Energy and Phase Change

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  1. Heat, Energy and Phase Change Chemistry Lowell High School 2006-2007 3/5/07 to …

  2. Agenda • FYI’s • Survey • Extra Credit • Acid Base Titration Lab • Energy Concepts • Phase Diagrams Monday, March 5, 2007

  3. FYI • Science Survey 3/7 Wednesday (check website) • Preambles 3/8 Thursday • Acid/Base Lab 3/8 Thursday • RLog 10/14 3/12 Monday • QP 10 (1-35 odd) 3/19 Monday • QP 14 (1-41 odd) 3/26 Monday • RLog 19 3/29 Thursday Monday, March 5, 2007

  4. Extra Credit (bring 1 or 2) • Gloves (50) M or L • Distilled Water (1 Gallon) • Medicine cups (5) • 1 pack Food coloring • 1 box baking soda • 1 25 lb bag of salt (Costco) • Sponges • 1 pack of balloons (12”) (20-25/pack) • 1 hour of work after school for Ms. Rotter • Bring these supplies M-F of this week, they will apply to this marking period • 1 10lb bag of sugar • Straws (100) • box of Alka-Seltzer • Bottle of Borax • 1 large match box Monday, March 5, 2007

  5. Acid Base Titration Lab • Attach the peer review sheet to the front of your team’s report and put your team name on it • Exchange your copy of the report with another team. Make sure that your team’s copies all end up at DIFFERENT tables. • Write your name on the peer review sheet and look over the criteria and form Monday, March 5, 2007

  6. Acid Base Titration Lab • Addition to the lab: • The correct concentration of the sulfuric acid was 1.8 M • In your conclusion section add a calculation of percent error with a small discussion (put in your error discussion area) • % error = measured - true x 100% true • Everyone will return the peer reviews tomorrow to the original teams. • The final lab will be due on Thursday Monday, March 5, 2007

  7. Triple Point Super- Critical Fluid Solid Liquid Normal Pressure (kPa) Critical point Gas Temperature (K)

  8. Triple Point Super- Critical Fluid Liquid Abnormal Solid Pressure (kPa) Critical point Gas Temperature (K)

  9. Phase Diagrams • On the back, you will find data for another substance • Work with your teammates to determine the graph and answer the questions Monday, March 5, 2007

  10. Agenda • FYI’s • Survey • Extra Credit • Phase Diagrams Tuesday, March 6, 2007

  11. FYI • Science Survey 3/7 Wednesday • Preambles 3/8 Thursday • Acid/Base Lab 3/8 Thursday • RLog 10/14 3/12 Monday • Test (Chap 15/16) 3/15 Thursday • QP 14 (1-41 odd) 3/19 Monday • QP 10 (1-35 odd) 3/26 Monday • RLog 19 3/29 Thursday Tuesday, March 6, 2007

  12. Extra Credit (bring 1 or 2) • Gloves (50) M or L • Distilled Water (1 Gallon) • Medicine cups (5) • 1 pack Food coloring • 1 10lb bag of sugar • box of Alka-Seltzer • Bottle of Borax • 1 large match box • 1 25 lb bag of salt (Costco) • 1 pack of balloons (12”) (20-25/pack) • 1 hour of work after school for Ms. Rotter • Bring these supplies M-F of this week, they will apply to this marking period Tuesday, March 6, 2007

  13. Triple Point Super- Critical Fluid Solid Liquid Normal Pressure (kPa) Critical point Gas Temperature (K)

  14. Triple Point Super- Critical Fluid Liquid Abnormal Solid Pressure (kPa) Critical point Gas Temperature (K)

  15. Phase Diagrams + Lab • Finish the front and the back of the phase diagram sheet • Turn in the sheet in the back of the classroom when you are finished. • Any extra time is for your team to review the peer review sheets and prepare your lab for Thursday Tuesday, March 6, 2007

  16. Agenda • FYI’s • Extra Credit • Temperature and Phase Changes • Heat worksheet • Preamble 12 Wednesday, March 7, 2007

  17. FYI • Science Survey 3/7 Wednesday • Preambles 3/8 Thursday • Acid/Base Lab 3/8 Thursday • RLog 10/14 3/12 Monday • Test (Chap 15/16) 3/15 Thursday • QP 14 (1-41 odd) 3/19 Monday • QP 10 (1-35 odd) 3/26 Monday • RLog 19 3/29 Thursday Wednesday, March 7, 2007

  18. Extra Credit (bring 1 or 2) • Gloves (50) M or L • Distilled Water (1 Gallon) • Medicine cups (5) • 1 pack Food coloring • 1 10lb bag of sugar • box of Alka-Seltzer • Bottle of Borax • 1 large match box • 1 25 lb bag of salt (Costco) • 1 pack of balloons (12”) (20-25/pack) • 1 hour of work after school for Ms. Rotter • Bring these supplies M-F of this week, they will apply to this marking period Wednesday, March 7, 2007

  19. Team Evaluations • On a half sheet of paper, write your name and team name and answer the following questions. 1 = Yes/Great, 5 = No/Horrible • How well is your team working together? • Is everyone contributing to your team? • How much have you contributed to your team? • Do you want your team to stay together? • If you could pick one person for your team, who would it be? (no guarantees) • If there was one person you would *not* want to be with, who would it be? Wednesday, March 7, 2007

  20. Heating/Cooling • When heating/cooling a substance, there are two options. • Temperature change in the substance • Phase change in the substance • When you heat cold liquid water, the temperature rises, but it remains liquid. • But when you reach the temperature of 100 degrees C, the water starts to boil, undergoing phase change (L  G) • What is the highest temperature liquid water can reach? Wednesday, March 7, 2007

  21. Phase Changes Gas Sublimation Condensation Boiling Deposition Melting Solid Liquid Freezing Wednesday, March 7, 2007

  22. Phase Changes • During phase changes, bonds BETWEEN molecules break. These are called intermolecular bonds • In the middle of phase change, there is no temperature change, as all energy is going either to make or break bonds • The terms used for phase changes are fusion and vaporization (melting and boiling) Wednesday, March 7, 2007

  23. Temperature Changes • When the phase is NOT changing, additional heat or loss of heat results in temperature change of the substance. • When the temperature changes, the speed of the molecules changes, which results in a change in kinetic energy • Overall, no bonds break during temperature changes in a substance Wednesday, March 7, 2007

  24. Agenda • FYI’s • Extra Credit • Preamble 12 • Turn in Labs and Heat/Phase Change wkst • Phases of Matter • Heat Thursday, March 8, 2007

  25. FYI • Preambles TODAY • Acid/Base Lab TODAY • RLog 10/14 3/12 Monday • Test (Chap 15/16) 3/15 Thursday • QP 14 (1-41 odd) 3/19 Monday • QP 10 (1-35 odd) 3/26 Monday • RLog 19 3/29 Thursday Thursday, March 8, 2007

  26. Extra Credit (bring 1 or 2) • Distilled Water (1 Gallon) • Medicine cups (5) • 1 pack Food coloring • 1 10lb bag of sugar • box of Alka-Seltzer • Bottle of Borax • 1 large match box • 1 25 lb bag of salt (Costco) • 1 pack of balloons (12”) (20-25/pack) • 1 hour of work after school for Ms. Rotter • Bring these supplies M-F of this week, they will apply to this marking period Thursday, March 8, 2007

  27. Preamble 12 • Make sure each of your preambles has the number and date highlighted and in order. (If not in order, indicate where out of order preambles are) • Star your best preamble and answer the following: • How does the preamble showcase your scientific thinking and reasoning skills? • What were some problems you had, and what did you learn in the course of doing that preamble? Thursday, March 8, 2007

  28. Phases • Solid: • most intermolecular bonds • lowest kinetic energy • Fixed form/shape and volume • Liquid: • intermediate intermolecular bonds • medium kinetic energy • fluid form/shape, fixed volume • Gas: • least intermolecular bonds • highest kinetic energy • fluid form/shape and volume • Supercritical Fluid: • properties of gas and liquid • Pictures • Video Thursday, March 8, 2007

  29. Heat • The system = reaction/chamber/thing • The surroundings = everything else (often you) • The system and surroundings have opposite reactions in terms of heat • Adding heat to the system is an endothermic process (surroundings lose, feel colder) • Heat leaving the system is an exothermic process (surroundings gain, feel warmer) Thursday, March 8, 2007

  30. Agenda • FYI’s • Extra Credit • Hydrogen Energy Videos Friday, March 9, 2007

  31. FYI • RLog 10/14 3/12 Monday • Test (Chap 15/16) 3/15 Thursday • QP 14 (1-41 odd) 3/19 Monday • QP 10 (1-35 odd) 3/26 Monday • RLog 19 3/29 Thursday Friday, March 9, 2007

  32. Extra Credit (bring 1 or 2) • Distilled Water (1 Gallon) • Medicine cups (5) • 1 pack Food coloring • 1 10lb bag of sugar • box of Alka-Seltzer • Bottle of Borax • 1 large match box • 1 25 lb bag of salt (Costco) • 1 pack of balloons (12”) (20-25/pack) • 1 hour of work after school for Ms. Rotter • Bring these supplies M-F of this week, they will apply to this marking period Friday, March 9, 2007

  33. Hydrogen Energy • You will be doing a reading log on the videos that we watch • Take down information that is new to you, surprising, or just interesting. • Most of the videos are fairly short, but packed with information. Pay close attention Friday, March 9, 2007

  34. Agenda • FYI’s • Preamble 1 • Reading Report 10/14 • Enthalpy, Entropy and Energy Monday, March 12, 2007

  35. FYI • RLog 10/14 TODAY • Test (Chap 15/16) 3/15 Thursday • QP 14 (1-41 odd) 3/19 Monday • QP 10 (1-35 odd) 3/26 Monday • RLog 19 3/29 Thursday Monday, March 12, 2007

  36. Preamble 1 (5 min) • Write out the reaction discussed in the videos that uses hydrogen to make water. Is energy produced or consumed in this reaction? • What other reactions of hydrogen were discussed in the videos? • What are some of the complications you see with the use of hydrogen energy now and in the future? • What are some possible ways that those problems can be overcome? Monday, March 12, 2007

  37. Important Reading Log Report • On your whiteboard, construct a reading report for chapter 10/14 (8 min) • Include 3 bullet points and cite section # Interconnected Interesting Incomprehensible Clarification Tuesday, February 20, 2007

  38. Enthalpy and Entropy • DH – Enthalpy – heat energy of a reaction • if constant pressure, DH = q • negative DH = favored reaction, exothermic positive DH = not favored, endothermic • DS – Entropy – measure of disorder in the system • higher DS = more disorder, lower DS = ordered • negative DS = unfavored, positive DS = favored Monday, March 12, 2007

  39. Energy • DG = DH – TDS (reaction at constant temperature) • Gibbs free energy – combines two driving forces on a reaction • If data is collected at standard state, a pressure of 1 bar, the driving forces can be compared. The 1 bar is arbitrary, but allows reference between all other materials and their standard states. DG° = DH° – TDS° • If DG° = negative, reaction is favored • If DG° = positive, reaction is unfavored Monday, March 12, 2007

  40. Agenda • FYI’s • Enthalpy, Entropy and Energy • Preamble 2 Tuesday, March 13, 2007

  41. FYI • Retakes 3/14-3/16 W-F • Test (Chap 15/16) 3/15 Thursday • QP 14 (1-41 odd) 3/19 Monday • RLog Asimov (online) 3/22 Thursday • QP 10 (1-35 odd) 3/26 Monday • RLog 19 3/29 Thursday • QP 19 • STAR Test (online) Tuesday, March 13, 2007

  42. Enthalpy and Entropy • DH – Enthalpy – heat energy of a reaction • if constant pressure, DH = q • negative DH = favored reaction, exothermic positive DH = not favored, endothermic • DS – Entropy – measure of disorder in the system • higher DS = more disorder, lower DS = ordered • negative DS = unfavored, positive DS = favored Tuesday, March 13, 2007

  43. Energy • DG = DH – TDS (reaction at constant temperature) • Gibbs free energy – combines two driving forces on a reaction • If data is collected at standard state, a pressure of 1 bar, the driving forces can be compared. The 1 bar is arbitrary, but allows reference between all other materials and their standard states. DG° = DH° – TDS° • If DG° = negative, reaction is favored • If DG° = positive, reaction is unfavored Tuesday, March 13, 2007

  44. Activation Energy • Even though a reaction is favored, it may not proceed. This is due to activation energy • All reactions require some input of energy in order to get started, regardless of whether the reaction overall releases or absorbs energy. • A catalyst can be used to lower the activation energy of a reaction Tuesday, March 13, 2007

  45. Diagram 1 Tuesday, March 13, 2007

  46. Diagram 2 Tuesday, March 13, 2007

  47. Agenda • FYI’s • Metal Hydrides Wednesday, March 14, 2007

  48. FYI • Retakes 3/14-3/16 W-F • Test (Chap 15/16) 3/15 Thursday • QP 14 (1-41 odd) 3/19 Monday • RLog Asimov (online) 3/22 Thursday • QP 10 (1-35 odd) 3/26 Monday • RLog 19 3/29 Thursday • QP 19 (1-45 odd) • STAR Test (online) over spring break Wednesday, March 14, 2007

  49. Metal Hydrides • You have sets of data for 9 metals • Properties • Thermodynamic • The goal is to rank the metals in order of which should be used as a storage metal for hydrogen powered cars • Come up with criteria for what thermo data is “good” and what properties would be “good” Wednesday, March 14, 2007

  50. Metal Hydrides • You need to evaluate all of the data and write up a group report on the 9 metals. • Draw an activation energy diagram for each metal • Give a detailed explanation of the factors involved in your decision for each metal (discuss properties and thermo data) • Each person in the group should assume responsibility for at least 2 metals, and they must write that section of the report Wednesday, March 14, 2007

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