50 m

50 m

Figure 28.1c Too diverse for one kingdom: a slime mold (Physarum polychalum)

Figure 28.4 A model of the origin of eukaryotes

Plastid Dinoflagellates Alveolates Apicomplexans Secondary endosymbiosis Cyanobacterium Ciliates Red algae Primary endosymbiosis Stramenopiles Heterotrophic eukaryote Plastid Euglenids Secondary endosymbiosis Green algae Chlorarachniophytes

Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Diplomonadida Animalia Plantae Fungi Euglenozoa Parabasala Radiolaria Cercozoa Amoebozoa (Opisthokonta) Stramenopila Alveolata (Archaeplastida) Fungi Plants Ciliates Diatoms Euglenids Red algae Metazoans Oomycetes Radiolarians Entamoebas Brown algae Parabasalids Diplomonads Chlorophytes Golden algae Kinetoplastids Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Foraminiferans Gymnamoebas Charophyceans Choanoflagellates Cellular slime molds Chlorarachniophytes Plasmodial slime molds Ancestral eukaryote Unikonta Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria

Figure 28.9 Giardia lamblia, a diplomonad

Figure 28.10 Trichomonas vaginalis, a parabasalid

Figure 28.3 Euglena: an example of a single–celled protist

Flagella 0.2 µm Crystalline rod Ring of microtubules

Figure 28.11x Trypanosoma, the kinetoplastid that causes sleeping sickness 9 m

Figure 28.12 A dinoflagellate Flagella 3 µm

Figure 28.12x2 Swimming with bioluminescent dinoflagellates

Figure 28.14c Ciliates: Paramecium

CONJUGATION AND REPRODUCTION Two cells of compatible mating strains align side by side and partially fuse. Meiosis of micronuclei produces four haploidmicronuclei in each cell. Three micronuclei in each cell disintegrate. The remaining micro-nucleus in each cell divides by mitosis. MEIOSIS The cells swap one micronucleus. Macronucleus Haploidmicronucleus Compatiblemates Diploidmicronucleus Diploidmicronucleus 8 3 9 1 2 4 5 6 7 MICRONUCLEARFUSION The cellsseparate. The original macro-nucleus disintegrates. Four micronuclei become macronuclei, while the other four remain micronuclei. Two rounds of cytokinesis partition one macronucleus and one micronucleus into each of four daughter cells. Three rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis produce eight micronuclei. Key Micronuclei fuse,forming a diploid micronucleus. Conjugtion Reproduction

Hairy flagellum Smooth flagellum 5 µm

Figure 28.16x2 Water mold: Oogonium

Figure 28.x2 Powdery mildew

Figure 28.17 Diatoms: Diatom diversity (left), Pinnularia (left)

3 µm

Figure 28.18 A golden alga

Figure 28.20x1 Kelp forest

Blade Stipe Holdfast

Figure 28.21 The life cycle of Laminaria: an example of alternation of generations

Figure 28.28 Foraminiferan

radiolarian Axopodia 200 µm

Figure 28.26 Use of pseudopodia for feeding

Figure 28.29x1 Plasmodial slime mold

Figure 28.30x2 Stages of Dictyostelium

Figure 28.22 Red algae: Dulse (top), Bonnemaisonia hamifera (bottom)

Figure 28.23 Colonial and multicellular chlorophytes: Volvox (left), Caulerpa (right)

50 m

50 m

Presentation Transcript

40 m/s 50 m/s 60 m/s 70 m/s

50%

50:50

50 m m

50/50?

50/50 Raffle

50/50 Our Way

Thinning 8” wafers to 50 µ m

50%

50-50 Low

-50

50/50

50:50

50:50

50%!!!!

50/50 rule

Optical: ~50  m  grains

50 %

50/50 Raffle

Organizing a 50/50