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ANG 6930 Proseminar in Anthropology IIA: Bioanthropology

This seminar explores the diversity, evolution, and behavior of living primates, providing insights into human ancestors through reasoning by homology and analogy. Topics covered include primate social organization, morphology, diet, and ecological context.

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ANG 6930 Proseminar in Anthropology IIA: Bioanthropology

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  1. ANG 6930Proseminar in Anthropology IIA: Bioanthropology Day 4 ANG 6930 Prof. Connie J. Mulligan Department of Anthropology

  2. Did everyone get their assignments back? • I’ve graded everything so if you didn’t get something back, that means I didn’t get it • You should have received: • Quiz 1 • Questions/comments from last week • Journal analysis abstract

  3. Journal analysis • Great abstracts • Average – 19 • Most frequent mistakes • Forgetting to explain your choice of additional journals • Remember to turn your graded abstract in with your final paper

  4. Quiz #2

  5. This week • Primate evolution, ecology and behavior • Primatology as anthropology • Diversity of living primates • Primate models for human evolution and behavior • Comparison of humans and other primates • Reading • The Human Species, Chpts 5 (Primates), 6 (Primate behavior and ecology), 7 (The human species) • Course packet • Martin RD. 2002. Primatology as an essential basis for biological anthropology. Evolutionary Anthropology 11:3-6. • Strier KB. 2003. Primate behavioral ecology: From ethnography to ethology and back. American Anthropologist 105:16-27. • Rieseberg LH and Livingstone K. 2003. Chromosomal speciation in primates. Science 300:267-268. • Khaitovich P et al. 2005. Parallel patterns of evolution in the genomes and transcriptomes of humans and chimpanzees. Science 309:1850-1854. • Amici et al. 2010. Monkeys and apes: Are their cognitive skills really so different? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 143: 188-197. • Judson O. 2008. Wanted: Intelligent aliens, for a research project, New York Times blog

  6. Next week • Hominoid to hominin • Dating the ape-human split • Australopiths • Early hominin subsistence and social organization • Origins of genus Homo • Homo erectus, Neanderthals and other archaic humans • Reading • The Human Species, Chpts 9 (Primate origins and evolution), 10 (Beginnings of human evolution), 11 (Origin/evolution of genus Homo), 12 (Evolution of archaic humans) • Course packet • “A new kind of ancestor: Ardipithecus unveiled”, Science, 326:36-40. • “Candidate human ancestor from South Africa sparks praise and debate”, Science, 328:154-155. • Klein RG. 2009. Darwin and the recent African origin of modern humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:16007-16009. • “New statistical model moves human evolution back three million years” ScienceDaily, 11/9/2010. • Teaford MR and Ungar PS. 2000. Diet and the evolution of the earliest human ancestors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97:13506-13511. • Conroy GC. 2002. Speciosity in the early Homo lineage: Too many, too few, or just about right? Journal of Human Evolution 43:759-766. • Premo LS and Hublin J-J. 2009. Culture, population structure, and low genetic diversity in Pleistocene hominins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:33-37. • Hublin JJ. 2009. The origin of Neanderthals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:16022-16027. • “Tales of a prehistoric human genome” Science 2009, 323:866-871. • Optional (on Sakai) – Noonan JP. Neanderthal genomics and the evolution of modern humans. Genome Research 20:547-553.

  7. Terminology • Chromosome • Genome • DNA

  8. Terminology • Chromosome • Molecules in the nucleus that carry genetic information in a linear sequence • Genome • All the genetic information in an organism, i.e. one representative of each chromosome • Nuclear, mitochondrial, chloroplast • DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid • The molecular basis of heredity • Chromosomes are composed of DNA • The genome is composed of chromosomes

  9. Terminology • Locus • Gene • Allele

  10. Terminology • Locus - region of the genome • Gene - DNA sequence that encodes a protein • Allele - one of several alternative forms of a DNA sequence, can be coding or non-coding

  11. Introduction to Living Primates

  12. Why Study Primates? • Reasoning by homology • Closely related species tend to be similar in morphology and behavior • Studying nonhuman primates gives insight into human ancestors • Reasoning by analogy • Natural selection leads to similar organisms in similar environments • Studying biological diversity in ecological context sheds light on evolutionary processes

  13. Why Study Primates? • Primates are our closest relatives • Morphological, biochemical, and behavioral similarity reflects evolutionary relatedness • Reasoning by homology • Primates are a diverse order • Variable ecology, diet, morphology, mating patterns, and social structure • Reasoning by analogy

  14. Forms of Primate Social Organization   

  15. Solitary • Smallest social group • Females maintain separate home ranges with juvenile offspring • Males may establish own ranges or may defend ranges of several adult females • Adult females and males have infrequent contact, mainly mating • Except orangutans, all solitary primates are prosimians

  16. Monogamy • One male and one female form long-term pair bond • Show high levels of paternal care of offspring • Share territory with immature offspring • Not very common • Characteristic of gibbons, some small New World monkeys, a few prosimian species

  17. Polyandry • One female paired with two or more males • May be more than 1 female, but only 1 is reproductively active • Share home range with offspring • Not very common • May occur among some marmosets and tamarins

  18. Polygyny: One-male • Several adult females, a single resident male, and immature offspring • “Bachelor males” often form all-male groups • Variable dispersal patterns • Common among howlers, langurs, gelada baboons

  19. Polygyny: Multimale-multifemale • Most common form of primate social organization • Several adult males, adult females, and immature offspring • Most are female-bonded • Males may move between coed groups, remain solitary, or join all-male groups • Lots of variation in terms of size, composition and distribution • Macaques, savanna baboons, some New World monkeys

  20. Sexual selection infanticide hypothesis • Hrdy (1977) proposed infanticide enhances male reproductive success • Continuing controversy, but growing data • Infanticide reported in ~40 primate species • Researchers have observed >60 infanticidal attacks and many nonlethal attacks • Observed in one-male and multi-male groups • Increasing evidence confirms predictions of hypothesis

  21. Infanticide linked to changes in male membership and status • C.P. van Schaik reviewed 55 infanticides observed in wild • 47 (85%) followed changes in male residence or dominance rank

  22. Infanticide shortens interbirth intervals • Lactation generally prevents conception • Cycling resumes quickly if infant dies • Reduces birth intervals by 25-30% in some species • From an evolutionary perspective, new male can more quickly increase the proportion of his offspring in the group

  23. Males do not kill their own infants • C.P. van Schaik • 40 of 55 infanticides committed by males not in group at conception • 11 of remaining cases by males not seen mating • V. Sommer – genetic relationship impossible or unlikely in 52 of 55 cases • C. Borries et al. • DNA analyses confirm killer  father in 22 of 23 cases • Paternity unclear in other case

  24. Males gain reproductive benefits • C.P. van Schaik • Infanticidal males subsequently mated with mother in 25 of 55 cases • May have mated with mother in 13 other cases • C. Borries et al. • Documented five infanticidal attacks • Four mothers subsequently gave birth • In all cases, DNA identified presumed killer as father

  25. Unanswered questions • Does infanticide occur more frequently under certain ecological conditions? • Is there a hereditary predisposition to commit infanticide?

  26. The altruism conundrum • Primates perform altruistic behavior in nature • Grooming, alarm calls, food sharing • Altruistic behaviors decrease individual fitness  cannot evolve by natural selection • Altruistic behaviors cannot be favored just because the group benefits

  27. W.D. Hamilton and Kin Selection • Ordinary selection can favor altruistic behavior if genetic relatives interact selectively • If you increase fitness of a kin, some proportion of your genes have increased chance of survival • Implications • Altruism is limited to kin • Closer kinship encourages more altruism • Closer kin = higher percentage of your genes • rb > c(Hamilton’s rule) r = average coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipients b = sum of fitness benefits to individuals affected by behavior c = fitness cost to individual performing behavior

  28. Primate Diversity

  29. Old and new versions of primate phylogeny Old • New • Breaks up prosimians • Lemurs more ancestral • - ‘Prosimians’ used casually, but not formally

  30. The primate pattern • No single derived feature shared by all primates • Traits well-suited to arboreal environments • Grasping hands and feet • Binocular (overlapping fields of vision = detail) stereoscopic (image sent from both eyes to both hemispheres = depth) vision • Perceive distance and depth • Controversy over selection of adaptations • Arboreal hypothesis • All traits evolved as arboreal adaptations • Insect predation hypothesis

  31. The primate pattern, cont • Grasping hands and feet • Opposable big toe, prehensile hands • Flat nails instead of claws, tactile pads • Hindlimb-dominated locomotion • Greater reliance on sight than on smell • Unspecialized olfactory apparatus, reduced in diurnal primates • Eyes moved forward, developed visual sense, color perception

  32. The primate pattern, cont • Reproduction and life history • Females have small litters, increased birth spacing • Trend toward longer lives and longer periods of gestation, infancy, childhood, and adulthood • Requires more parental care • Brain and behavior • Large brain compared to mammals of similar size • More complex brain anatomy • Increased learning and behavioral flexibility • Cultural transmission of new behaviors • Food washing – began by young macaque (named Imo), taught to all newborn infants although adults did not acquire behavior • Not innate behavior, but learned behavior

  33. Remember… • None of these traits make primates unique • Example: dolphins have large brains, extended juvenile dependence, and flexible social behavior • Not every primate possesses all these traits • Some prosimians have claws, more developed olfactory senses • Humans have lost opposable big toe

  34. Mouse Lemur

  35. Ring-Tailed Lemur

  36. Ring-Tailed Lemur

  37. Blue-Eyed Lemur

  38. Aye-aye

  39. Sifaka

  40. Slow Loris

  41. Tarsier

  42. Squirrel Monkey

  43. Spider Monkey

  44. White-Faced Capuchin

  45. Great-Nosed Proboscis (Nasalis)

  46. Zanzibar Red Colobus

  47. Black-and-White Colobus

  48. Long-Tailed Macaques

  49. Bonnet Macaques

  50. Assam Macaques

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