America Moves to the City

1. America Moves to the City APUSH Ms. Weston 1/17/06

2. The Growth of the City Between 1870-1900, population of US cities tripled Many US cities now boasted over a million people KEY FEATURES OF THE CITY Skyscrapers�form follows function, ELEVATOR Commuters�electric trolleys, cities radiated outward

3. The Lure of the City Industrial jobs Urban lifestyle Electricity Indoor plumbing Telephones Skyscrapers and bridges Department stores

4. Negatives of City Life Increased consumerism Everything is disposable Leads to huge problems with waste Crime Lack of sanitation Large gap between social classes SLUMS 1879 �Dumbbell tenement� Crowded, lack of ventilation, filth and disease Largely populated by immigrants

5. Images from How the Other Half Lives

9. Changes to the Church in the City Growth of cities posed challenges to traditional church Church seemed too traditional, not responding enough to new challenges of city life �Social Gospel� Movement: applying church principles to modern social problems YMCA and YWCA New denominations Salvation Army Christian Science�Mary Baker Eddy Curing disease through prayer

10. Darwin Challenges the Church Darwin�s On The Origin of Species (1859) Evolution challenged traditional stories of creation By 1875, split in the church Conservative minority rejected Darwinians, asserted authority of bible (these would become FUNDAMENTALISTS) Accomodationists�tried to reconcile Christianity with Darwinism. Religious teachings were becoming more of a private matter

11. Growth of Public Education Growing belief that society will only function if people somewhat educated More compulsory education laws Continued growth of schools, especially high schools By 1900, large amount. Increasingly free textbooks Better teacher training Kindergartens Adult education? Chautauqua Movement Decline in illiteracy

12. African-American Reformers Booker T. Washington Ex-slave, grew up in poverty Began teaching at Tuskegee Institute in 1881, later became head of school Focused on teaching blacks useful trades so they could get jobs, and therefore respect Accepted segregation if blacks could get economic and educational resources Accused of being an accomodationist�accepting white racism.

13. African American Reformers ctnd. W.E.B. DuBois Accused Washington of being an �Uncle Tom,� selling out the race First African-American to get his PhD from Harvard Demanded complete equality for blacks�economic and social Founded NAACP in 1910 (National Association for Advancement of Colored People) Wanted �talented tenth� of black population to lead the rest into full equality

14. Expansion of Higher Education College increasingly seen as necessary to success Growth in women�s colleges and co-ed colleges Growth in black colleges Morrill Act of 1862 and Hatch Act of 1887�responsible for this growth Gave land grants to states to support public education (how the UC system began!) Private philanthropy also funded college growth (Stanford, Rockefeller and University of Chicago) Growth of professional schools (Graduate school)

15. Intellectual Achievements College curriculum increasingly separating facts from morality More choice in curriculum, more specialization (majors) Medical schools and medical science prospered? BETTER PUBLIC HEALTH Pragmatism (distinctly American philosophy) William James Embraced uncertainty, pursuit of truth scientifically Practical philosophy

16. Rise of the Press Rising literacy�more people reading, more public libraries More people reading newspapers Cheap, mass-circulated publications Sensationalistic reporting Demand for simple, juicy reporting Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst? YELLOW JOURNALISM Reported on scandals and sensational rumors

17. Writing Towards Reform Magazine Nation�crusaded for civil service reform, honesty in government and moderate tariff Henry George Progress and Poverty asked why there is growing poverty with economic progress Proposed �single tax� on property to equalize wealth Edward Bellamy Looking Backward �government nationalized big business Utopian socialism

18. Popular Literature Dime novels�usually about wild west First �paperbacks� Ben-Hur by Wallace�popular novel to affirm bible Horatio Alger Juvenile fiction Virtue, honesty and industry will be rewarded by success and honor �Rags to riches� stories Poets Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson

19. Important Works of Literature Turn to realism�portrayed how life really was Kate Chopin�wrote about sexism, suicide, adultery in The Awakening Mark Twain�revolted against formal, elegant literature using realism and humor with books like Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn Stephen Crane�wrote about the rough life in slums with Maggie: A Girl of the Streets

20. The New Morality Increasing battle over sexual attitudes and role of women Victoria Woodhull preached free love Women had new economic freedom in cities Because of new job opportunities with switchboard and typewriters With economic freedom came sexual freedom Rising divorce rate Birth control

21. Families and Women in the Cities Challenges to the family in the city Families isolated, increased pressure Children more expensive in city Decreased birthrate Women becoming more independent Charlotte Perkins Gilman�early feminist Women and Economics argued that women should play a role in the economy through work

22. Continued Struggle for Suffrage 1890: National American Woman Suffrage Association Founders Cady Stanton and Anthony Increasingly militant Carrie Chapman Catt�pragmatic suffragist Instead of arguing equality, argued that women should have right to vote to be better wives and mothers in the cities Needed to have a say in public health, education Victories for women Could vote in local elections Wyoming gave women vote in 1869 Women could hold property even after marriage

23. The Plight of Black Women Largely kept out of suffrage movement by white women Ida B. Wells Began anti-lynching crusade Began black women�s club movement

24. Controversy Over Alcohol Increased alcohol consumption during Civil War and with influx of immigrants Middle class, pro-temperance activists believed alcohol to be at root of social ills 1869 National Prohibition Party 1874 Women�s Christian Temperance Union Led by Frances E. Willard Carrie A. Nation�smashed saloon bars with her hatchet Some states pass temperance laws 18th Amendment in 1919? PROHIBITION

25. The State of the Arts In painting, portraits popular James Whistler, John Singer Sergeant Music gaining popularity Homegrown American music from South�blues, ragtime and jazz Phonograph allowed Americans to play recorded music in their homes

26. Amusement in the City Americans eager for leisure time, play and pleasure Vaudeville and minstrel shows Circus�PT Barnum �Wild West� shows Baseball�becoming national pastime Also basketball, football and boxing Croquet and bicycles Standardization of popular culture�all Americans doing the same things for fun