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Figure 1. High School Completion Rates, 1968-2005. Percent. Figure 1. High School Completion versus Graduation Rates, 1968-2005. Completion = Graduation + GED. Percent. Graduation. How should we measure “dropouts”?. Figure 1. High School Completion versus Graduation Rates, 1968-2005.

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Percent

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  1. Figure 1. High School Completion Rates, 1968-2005 Percent

  2. Figure 1. High School Completion versus Graduation Rates, 1968-2005 Completion = Graduation + GED Percent Graduation

  3. How should we measure “dropouts”? Figure 1. High School Completion versus Graduation Rates, 1968-2005 Completion = Graduation + GED Percent Graduation

  4. Partly due to HS degree being a pathway to college Little evidence that GED raises adult wages unless it is used as a pathway to post-secondary education Sources: Heckman and LaFontaine (2006, 2010)

  5. GED recipients economically look a lot more like dropouts than high school grads “Despite having similar measures of cognitive ability, GED recipients perform significantly worse in most dimensions of economic and social life when compared to high school graduates. They lack noncognitive skills such as perseverance and motivation that are essential to success in school and in life” (Heckman and LaFontaine, 2010) Employers want both types of skills

  6. No Pass, No Play Rules and Laws Do they increase high school graduation rates? ‘ Marian Vidal-Fernandez (2010) Variable of central interest: Rules about min # of courses passed to play (vary by state) Dependent variable:

  7. Difference-in-difference estimator Individual i was a high school athlete Interaction term Suppose ↑R causes athletes to study more, causing prob(G )↑. What would we expect to see across athletes (A=1) and non-athletes (A=0)? Low =0) High =1)

  8. Difference-in-difference estimator Individual i was a high school athlete Interaction term Suppose ↑R causes athletes to study more, causing prob(G )↑. What would we expect to see across athletes (A=1) and non-athletes (A=0)? A=1 A=0 Low =0) High =1)

  9. Show that difference-in-difference =

  10. Each additional passing course required to play increases the graduation rate, on average, by 1.5 percentage points, holding the other explanatory variables constant. How would decide whether this was important? No Pass / No Drive Laws

  11. Rajan said that without his phone, his catch might have gone to waste. Because he called ahead to the port, buyers there knew that he was coming, what kind of fish he had and the size of his catch. In the past, Rajan said, he would sometimes arrive at port late in the day only to find that all the buyers had gone home, unaware that another boat was coming. His catch would go unsold, and he and his crew would go unpaid.

  12. Effect of Mobile Phones on Indian Sardine Markets Aarikkadi (A) Kanhangad (K) Rajan’s Boat Arabian Sea

  13. Long before daybreak, Rajan steers his 74-foot long Andavan out of the harbor and into the Arabian Sea, where he and his crew of 14 will use purse-seine nets to fish for sardines. After nine hours, they spot a school of sardines. The crewman at the wheel pushed the throttle all the way forward, and the Andavan kicked into high gear, making a huge circle around the fish. Crewmen played out the net from the stern, where it had been neatly packed. The net has floats at the top and weights at the bottom. Once it's set around the fish, the crewmen use a winch to close it like a giant purse. …. When most of the net was in, the crew used small nets to scoop the fish from the water and dump them into the 45-foot open boat that is towed behind the Andavan. (Sullivan, 2006) Setting Seine Pursing Drying Up

  14. Before mobile phone service arrived in May of 2000, Rujan would take his catch to the nearest port and “hope for the best.” Buyers at the dock (or beach) knew that “Rajun’s un-iced catch wouldn't last long in the fiery Indian sun, [forcing him] to take whatever price was offered -- without having any idea whether dealers in the next port were offering twice as much.” Sometimes, Rajun would arrive late in the day and discover that everyone was gone, causing him to dump his sardines overboard. What was the opportunity cost of selling his sardines at the dock or beach of the nearest market?

  15. Effect of Mobile Phones on Indian Sardine Markets Arabian Sea May, 2000 Using his mobile phone, Rajan calls several ports to gather information on prices. Suppose: Aarikkadi (A) Kanhangad (K) Ranjan now “can't imagine life without [his] phone.“ Without it, “his catch might have gone to waste.” Rajan’s Boat

  16. Sardine Market in Aarikkad Sardine Market in Kanhangad Beach Price (Rs per kg) SNoC SNoC PNoC= PNoC= D D Quantity (thousands of kg per day)

  17. Sardine Market in Aarikkad Sardine Market in Kanhangad Beach Price (Rs per kg) SNoC SNoC PNoC= PNoC= D D What is the opportunity cost of the last kg of sardines delivered to Aarikkad when Q=12,000 kg? Quantity (thousands of kg per day)

  18. Sardine Market in Aarikkad Sardine Market in Kanhangad Beach Price (Rs per kg) SNoC SNoC PNoC= PNoC= D D What is the opportunity cost of the last kg of sardines delivered to Aarikkad when Q=8,000 kg? Quantity (thousands of kg per day)

  19. Sardine Market in Aarikkad Sardine Market in Kanhangad Beach Price (Rs per kg) SNoC SNoC PNoC= PNoC= D D What is the opportunity cost of the last kg of sardines delivered to Aarikkad when Q=8,000 kg? Quantity (thousands of kg per day)

  20. Sardine Market in Aarikkad Sardine Market in Kanhangad Beach Price (Rs per kg) SNoC SNoC MSC PNoC= PNoC= D D MSC = opportunity cost of delivering sardines to Aarikkad Quantity (thousands of kg per day)

  21. Sardine Market in Aarikkad Sardine Market in Kanhangad Beach Price (Rs per kg) SNoC SNoC MSC PNoC= DWL PNoC= D D MSC = opportunity cost of delivering sardines to Aarikkad Quantity (thousands of kg per day)

  22. Before cellphones, he said, he couldn't communicate with other boat captains. Few of them could afford expensive marine radios, so if someone hit upon a massive school of sardines, there was no way to alert friends on other boats. And if the boat broke down, as they frequently do, Rajan said he'd have to wait at sea and hope that help happened along. Now he can call his mechanic, who also carries a cellphone, to ask for emergency service.

  23. Robert Jensen We conducted a weekly survey of 300 sardine fishing units throughout the region of study on Tuesdays of every week from September 3, 1996, to May 29, 2001.

  24. Karnur (Ccontrol) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 Kasargod (Treatment) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 week CP=0 CP=1

  25. PS= price spread

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