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THIS PRESENTATION HAS BEEN DESIGNED AND DEVELOPED BY LTC GARY LINHART, US ARMY

THIS PRESENTATION HAS BEEN DESIGNED AND DEVELOPED BY LTC GARY LINHART, US ARMY. World War II. Pacific Theater Jan – June 1942. 2. 6. Japanese Oil Situation (1942) (in Million U.S. Barrels) Estimated Annual Need Army 5.7 Navy 17.6 Civilian Economy 12.6 Total 35.9

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THIS PRESENTATION HAS BEEN DESIGNED AND DEVELOPED BY LTC GARY LINHART, US ARMY

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  1. THIS PRESENTATION HAS BEEN DESIGNED AND DEVELOPED BY LTC GARY LINHART, US ARMY

  2. World War II Pacific Theater Jan – June 1942

  3. 2 6 Japanese Oil Situation (1942) (in Million U.S. Barrels) Estimated Annual Need Army 5.7 Navy 17.6 Civilian Economy 12.6 Total 35.9 Annual Production Home Crude 1.6 Synthetic 1.6 Total 3.2 Deficit 32.7 Stocks on Hand(1941) 42.7 Annual Production Dutch East Indies 65.1 Japanese occupy French Indo China (Sept 40-July 41) and the US emplaced an Oil Embargo Another source of fuel must be found. The Dutch East Indies appear to have a more than adequate quantity for the taking. However, MacArthur and American troops are stationed there. Japanese Oil Reserves will run out in 1942 The US Naval Fleet is stationed at Pearl Harbor

  4. Japanese Plan: (1) Destroy US fleet. (2) Rapidly take oil fields and establish a defensive perimeter. (3) Defeat anything entering perimeter. (4)Negotiate peace, keep oil fields. RESULTS OF STEP 1: 2 US Battleships Destroyed (AZ, OK) 4 US Battleships Heavily Damaged (TN,NV,WV,CA) RESULTS OF STEP 1: These figures are deceptive however: ½ of the US Navy is in the Atlantic Comparison of Major Vessels, December, 1941 US Japan Carriers - 7 Carriers - 6 ATLANTIC Battleships - 17 Battleships - 11 Hvy Cruisers - 18 Hvy Cruisers - 18 ATLANTIC ATLANTIC ATLANTIC

  5. 11 Jan: Saratoga damaged by Jap sub and goes to Sand Diego for repairs 19 Jan – Borneo Falls 22-23 Jan – CD#1&5 supported seizure of Rabaul 24-25 Jan - CD#2 supported seizure of Amboina Americans began a series of raids to pull Japanese efforts away from the East Indies and give flyers experience, while still defending Pearl Harbor/Midway line with the few remaining capital ships (Carriers) 1 Feb – Enterprise & Yorktown (#5): Marshall/Gilbert Raid (CD #1 & 5 attempted to intercept but both US Carriers escaped) 15 Feb – Singapore fell – HUGE UK defeat (100,000 troops captured) 19 Feb CD 1 & 2: Darwin Raid 20 Feb – Lexington moves to raid Rabaul but was forced to abort 24 Feb - Enterprise raids Wake & Raids Marcus Islands (4 March) 3 Mar – CD 1 & 2 supports the fall of Java 8 Mar – Rangoon falls (Burma) and invasion of New Guinea (Japanese had unprotected ships unloading troops and supplies at Lea and Salamaua 10 Mar – Lexington &Yorktown raid of Japanese landing force at Lea-Salamaua – The carriers launched from south of Papua and planes flew over the Owen Stanley Mountain range to conduct the attack 7 December – all three Japanese Carrier Divisions attack Pearl Harbor. Japan then conducted an Island ‘blitzkrieg’ 8 Dec – Land north portion of Malaya Peninsula 10 Dec – Land on Luzon (Philippians held out until April ‘42) 10 Dec – Guam – Gilberts 10 Dec - Japanese Airpower sunk two British Battleships 15 Dec – Saratoga arrives from San Diego; 20 Dec – Mindanao 23 Dec – Wake Island fell to a second Japanese attack 25 Dec – Hong Kong invaded 2 DAMAGED 3 Akagi 3 Saratoga ATLANTIC 5 2 Kaga 5 Wasp 7 5 Soryu 6 Hornet ATLANTIC 8 8 1 Hiryu Lexington Yorktown Enterprise 2 Shokaku ATLANTIC 7 7 6 5 Zuikaku 8 3 Carrier Groups Carrier Division 1 Lexington Class 3 Japanese Expansion/US Defense Carrier Division 2 5 Yorktown Class Carrier Division 5 ATLANTIC 8 7 ATLANTIC

  6. 2 DAMAGED 3 Akagi Saratoga 2 Kaga 5 Wasp 7 5 Soryu 6 Hornet ATLANTIC 8 8 Hiryu Lexington Yorktown Enterprise 2 Shokaku ATLANTIC 7 6 5 Zuikaku 8 3 1 Carrier Groups Carrier Division 1 Lexington Class Japanese Indian Ocean Raid US Doolittle Raid Carrier Division 2 Yorktown Class Carrier Division 5 The Japanese sent carriers to the Indian ocean to assist in the effort to occupy Burma and thus cut off China’s last life line with the Allies – the Burma Road. 26 March – 12 April – 5 Carriers moved to the Indian Ocean to Raid Ceylon (Kaga had returned to Japan for repairs). Intended to weaken the British forces in the area and further secure the Japanese hold on Burma. Japanese ground forces cut the Burma road by 1 May, and occupied all of Burma by 15 May. With the Burma Road now cut - the only way to supply the Chinese was by air on a route over the Himalayas (which will receive the name: “The Hump” 18 April - Doolittle Raid is conducted with 16 B-25s off of Hornet (#8). Enterprise provides air support.

  7. 8 DAMAGED 3 Akagi Saratoga 2 Kaga 2 Wasp 7 5 Soryu 6 Hornet 5 1 Hiryu Lexington Enterprise Yorktown 2 Shokaku ATLANTIC 7 6 5 Zuikaku 8 Junyo 3 Carrier Groups Carrier Division 1 Lexington Class Japanese Strategic Dilemma Carrier Division 2 Yorktown Class Carrier Division 5 New Carrier Combined Fleet Commander (Yamamoto) Concern: The US fleet still lives. There is a wide gap between the Marshalls and Northern Japan which the Americans took advantage of in the Doolittle Raid. Yamamoto wanted to take Midway to fill the gap and simultaneously draw the US fleet into a trap to finally destroy it. By sheer force of will he inserted this plan between Phase I and II of the South West Pacific Campaign. Navy General Staff Concern: Australia (It is a jumping off point against the southern perimeter. Invasion of Australia is not an option (insufficient troops): However, cutting it off from US Line of Communication is. Phase I – Attack Solomon's (Tulagi) then Port Morsby – Control Coral Sea Phase II – Attack New Caledonia and Fiji CD 1 & 2 finally return to Japan for much needed repairs and a new Carrier (Junyo) is commissioned. Japanese Dilemma – What is the next step? Now have the oil fields and defensive perimeter. Completed a 6 month plan in 90 days and are VERY overconfident. Army General Staff concern: They want to dig in on the perimeter and concentrate on China

  8. 8 DAMAGED DAMAGED 3 Akagi Saratoga 2 Kaga 2 Wasp 7 5 Soryu 6 Hornet 5 1 Hiryu Lexington Yorktown Enterprise 2 Shokaku ATLANTIC 7 6 5 Zuikaku 8 SUNK 2 Junyo 5 DAMAGED Aircraft Losses 3 Carrier Groups Carrier Division 1 Lexington Class Japanese Phase I (Coral Sea) Carrier Division 2 Yorktown Class Carrier Division 5 New Carrier Japanese send in CD 5 as a strike force to protect the invasion force. Since The US had broken the Japanese Code and they were able to determine their intentions and move Lexington & Yorktown to intercept them. MAY 6-8: Battle of Coral Sea – 1st ever Carrier vs Carrier Battle – neither fleet ever sees each other. Results: Lexington sunk and Yorktown returns to Pearl to fix heavy damage.Japanese lose a light carrier. Heavy damage to Shokaku and Zuikaku air group depleted. Invasion force turned back. This strategic loss for the Japanese is not a problem for the follow on Midway operation. However: The Japanese are still very overconfident from many victories prior to this – they knew their pilots and aircraft were far superior to the Americans. Plus they thought they had sunk BOTH Lexington and Yorktown and thus had a 2-1 advantage in Carriers alone (their Battleships were overwhelmingly superior to the US Cruiser forces).

  9. 5 Midway-The Japanese Plan NF 1st CSF Y H E MAIN H INV E The US intercepted the Japanese radio transmissions and was able to read portions of their code. They deduced the Japanese intention, and moved their carriers to the NE of Midway, to counter their attack instead of just reacting from Pearl Harbor. Finally, the Main Force of Battleships (following the Carrier Strike force) would enter the battle and finish off the Americans The Japanese felt that the US Carriers would respond to this so they planned for a submarine screen to ambush them as they steamed toward Midway followed by a strike by their carriers. First Carrier Strike Force – CD 1 and 2 (Akagi, Kaga, Hiryu, Soryu) Raid Midway Invasion force (w/ one light carrier) moves forward from the Marianas and seizes Midway Northern Force – Occupy Attu and Kiska (Aleutian Islands) – draw away enemy forces (w/ new carrier Junyo and Light Carrier

  10. 8 DAMAGED DAMAGED 3 5 Akagi 3 Saratoga 2 Kaga Wasp 7 5 Soryu 6 Hornet 5 Hiryu Lexington Yorktown Enterprise Shokaku ATLANTIC 7 6 5 Zuikaku 8 SUNK SUNK 5 2 Junyo DAMAGED Aircraft Losses 3 SUNK SUNK SUNK SUNK Carrier Groups Carrier Division 1 Lexington Class Midway-The Battle Carrier Division 2 Yorktown Class Carrier Division 5 New Carrier • 3 June – Northern force Bombs Dutch Harbor – Attu and Kiska are captured on 7 June. • 4 June - Dawn, Japanese strike Midway • 1000 – Dive Bombers and Torpedo Planes from three US Carriers strike and sink three Japanese Carriers. • Hiryu (last remaining Japanese Carrier) planes strike Yorktown which suffers heavy damage. • Enterprise & Hornet sent one last strike and sunk Hiryu. • That evening Yamamoto considered striking the Americans at night with his battleships. But the risk of losing all his Battleships the next day (if he was unable to locate the Americans that night) was too great and he withdrew all his forces. • 6 June - The Saratoga arrived at Pearl Harbor. • 7 June – Japanese submarines located the Yorktown being towed back to Pearl and sunk her. Results Japanese lose 4 carriers, 322 Airplanes, and 3,500 lives. US lose Yorktown, 147 Airplanes and 307 lives. • Japanese ships were broken into many moving parts: • -Medium Carrier to support the Northern force. • -4 Carriers and two BBs (Battleships) in the 1st Carrier Strike Force. • 4 BBs detached from the main force as a screening force for the Aleutian Island Strike. • 2 BBs escorted the occupation force. • 3 BBs (including the Super Battleship Yamato) were the Japanese Main Body. • None of these forces were in supporting distance of each other if, by chance, the US attacked the Japanese first. 26 May – Enterprise & Hornet departed Pearl Harbor. 27 May - Yorktown departed Pearl Harbor. Both groups reach the North East of Midway prior to the Japanese submarine screen getting on station to ambush them.

  11. Akagi Essex 9 Saratoga 2 Kaga Lexington 16 Wasp 7 Shoho Ryujo Yorktown 10 5 Soryu Hornet Bunker Hill 17 Hiryu Lexington Yorktown Enterprise Intrepid 11 Shokaku 6 Bennington Zuikaku Hornet 12 8 Shangri-La Franklin 13 Zuiho Hiyo Tiaho Junyo 22 Independence Randolph Hancock 19 Princeton 23 Ryuho Ticonderoga 14 3 Belleau Wood 24 Cowpens 25 20 Monterey 26 Chitose Cabot 28 38 Wasp 18 Langley 27 15 Chiyoda 29 Bataan 31 Bon Homme Richard 30 San Jacinto Antietam 36 Unryu Boxer 21 Amagi Lake Champlain 39 Katsuragi Shinano Comparison of Aircraft Carriers, June 1942-August 1945 Japan US Lost June 42 – Midway Lost May 42 – Coral Sea Lost June 42 – Midway Lost Aug 42 – E. Solomons Lost June 42 – Midway Lost June 42 – Midway Lost June 42 – Midway Lost May 42 – Coral Sea 1942 Lost Oct 42 – Santa Cruz Lost June 44 – P. Sea Lost Oct 44 – Cape E Lost Oct 44 – Cape E Damage June 44 – P. Sea Lost Sept 42 – San Cristobal Lost June 44 – P. Sea Damage June 44 – P. Sea Lost Oct 44 – Sibuyan Sea 1943 Lost Oct 44 – Cape E Lost Oct 44 – Cape E Lost June 44 – P. Sea 1944 1945

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