Section 1: The Age of Invention Section 2: The Rise of Big Business Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize

1. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Section 1: The Age of Invention Section 2: The Rise of Big Business Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize

2. READING/CHAPTER OBJECTIVES • HOW DID THE DEVELOPMENT OF STEEL AND OIL REFINING AFFECT U.S. INDUSTRY? • WHAT INNOVATIONS WERE MADE IN TRANSPORTATION? • HOW DID INNOVATIONS IN COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY CHANGE BUSINESS PRACTICES AND DAILY LIFE IN THE UNITED STATES? • HOW DID THOMAS EDISON’S RESEARCH LABORATORY CHANGE AMERICAN LIFE?

3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION DURING THE LATE 1800S, NEW TECHNOLOGY AND INVENTIONS LED TO THE GROWTH OF INDUSTRY,

4. Section 1: The Age of Invention OIL REFINING • RESULTED IN THE PRODUCTION OF KEROSENE FOR FUEL AND LIGHT • ALLOWED THE MANUFACTURING OF OTHER PETROLEUM PRODUCTS • HELPED MACHINERY OPERATE

5. OIL • IN THE MID-1800S PEOPLE BEGAN TO REFINE OIL FOUND ON COASTAL WATERS AND LAKES FOR KEROSENE LAMPS. • IN 1859 EDWIN L. DRAKE DRILLED FOR OIL IN PENNSYLVANIA, STARTING THE FIRST COMMERCIAL OIL WELL. • WILDCATTERS, OR OIL PROSPECTORS, STRUCK OIL NEAR BEAUMONT, TEXAS, WHICH BEGAN THE TEXAS OIL BOOM. • IT LASTED LESS THAN 20 YEARS, BUT OIL REMAINS BIG BUSINESS IN TEXAS TO THIS DAY.

6. Section 1: The Age of Invention STEEL REFINING • PROVIDED A STRONG, CHEAP SOURCE OF BUILDING MATERIAL • ALLOWED EXPANSION OF THE RAILROAD INDUSTRY • ALLOWED CONSTRUCTION OF MORE COMPLEX MACHINES AND TALLER BUILDINGS

7. STEEL • IN THE 1850S A NEW METHOD MADE STEEL-MAKING FASTER AND CHEAPER AND BY 1910 THE U.S. WAS THE WORLD’S TOP STEEL PRODUCER. • STEEL HELPED TRANSFORM THE U.S. INTO A MODERN INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY. • IT WAS USED TO MAKE BRIDGES, LOCOMOTIVES, AND TALLER BUILDINGS. • FACTORIES USED STEEL MACHINERY TO MAKE GOODS FASTER.

8. THE STEEL INDUSTRY 1850’S – THE BESSEMER PROCESS ALLOWED STEEL TO BE PRODUCED CHEAPLY. BESSEMER CONVERTER, KELHAM ISLAND MUSEUM, SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND (2002) Henry Bessemer

9. Steel: Vertical Integration Rolling The billets and slabs are heated and rolled into finished products. Raw Materials Example: Iron Ore 1 4 Melting Hot air is pumped into a furnace, melting iron at 1600 degrees Celsius. (2,912 degrees F) Casting The liquid steel is cast into billets and slabs. 2 3 Refining Impurities are removed and alloys are added from the molten metal through the use of a ladle.

10. TRANSPORTATION INNOVATIONS Section 1: The Age of Invention • RAILROADS PROMOTED WESTERN SETTLEMENT, URBAN GROWTH, AND ECONOMIC PROSPERITY. • AUTOMOBILES BECAME A SUBSTANTIAL INDUSTRY. • AIRPLANES INTRODUCED NEW POSSIBILITIES.

11. INVENTORS REVOLUTIONIZE COMMUNICATION TELEGRAPH • SAMUEL F. B. MORSE INVENTED THE TELEGRAPH IN 1837, WHICH SENT MESSAGES INSTANTLY OVER WIRES USING ELECTRICITY. • OPERATORS TAPPED OUT PATTERNS OF LONG AND SHORT SIGNALS THAT STOOD FOR LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET, CALLED MORSE CODE. • THE TELEGRAPH GREW WITH THE RAILROADS, BECAUSE TRAIN STATIONS HAD TELEGRAPH OFFICES

12. Two inventors devised ways to transmit voices by using electricity. • Alexander Graham Bell patented his design first, in 1876. • By 1900 there were more than a million telephones in offices and households across the country.

13. TYPEWRITER • MANY INVENTORS TRIED TO CREATE A WRITING MACHINE. • CHISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES, A MILWAUKEE PRINTER, DEVELOPED THE FIRST PRACTICAL TYPEWRITER IN 1867. • HE LATER IMPROVED IT BY DESIGNING THE KEYBOARD THAT IS STILL STANDARD FOR COMPUTERS TODAY. • BUSINESSES BEGAN TO HIRE WOMAN AS TYPISTS.

14. THOMAS ALVA EDISON • THOMAS ALVA EDISON WAS ONE OF AMERICA’S MOST FAMOUS INVENTORS. • IN 1876 EDISON OPENED HIS OWN RESEARCH LABORATORY IN MENLO PARK, NEW JERSEY, WHERE HE HIRED ASSISTANTS WITH SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL EXPERTISE TO THINK CREATIVELY AND WORK HARD. • EDISON SPENT HOURS TESTING IDEAS, AND HIS TEAM SOON INVENTED THE FIRST PHONOGRAPH AND A TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER. • EDISON WAS THE FIRST TO COME UP WITH A SAFE ELECTRIC LIGHT BULB THAT COULD LIGHT HOMES AND STREET LAMPS. • HE THEN UNDERTOOK A VENTURE TO BRING AN ELECTRICITY NETWORK TO NEW YORK CITY, AND IN 1882 HE INSTALLED A LIGHTING SYSTEM POWERED BY HIS OWN ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS SIMILAR TO ONES THAT WERE LATER BUILT ALL OVER THE U.S. • EDISON AND HIS TEAM LATER INVENTED A MOTION PICTURE CAMERA AND PROJECTOR. IN ALL, HE HELD OVER 1,000 U.S. PATENTS.

15. Section 1: The Age of Invention COMMUNICATIONS INNOVATIONS • THE TELEGRAPH ALLOWED BUSINESSES TO PLACE LONG-DISTANCE ORDERS QUICKLY. • THE TELEPHONE BROUGHT BOTH BUSINESSES AND INDIVIDUALS TOGETHER. • THE TYPEWRITER ALLOWED THE QUICK PRODUCTION OF LEGIBLE DOCUMENTS.

16. Thomas Edison’s research laboratory Section 1: The Age of Invention • THE LIGHT BULB • THE PHONOGRAPH • EARLY MOTION-PICTURE CAMERA

17. Objectives: Section 2: The Rise of Big Business • WHAT ARGUMENTS DID BUSINESS LEADERS AND SOCIAL CRITICS MAKE ABOUT THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN BUSINESS? • HOW DID BUSINESS STRATEGIES CHANGE DURING THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION? • HOW DID ENTREPRENEURS TAKE ADVANTAGE OF CHANGES IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATION? • HOW DID NEW METHODS OF MARKETING PRODUCTS CHANGE AMERICAN LIFE?

18. CONCERNING GOVERNMENT’S ROLE IN BUSINESS Section 2: The Rise of Big Business • BUSINESS LEADERS: • INDIVIDUALS SHOULD BE SELF-RELIANT. • BUSINESSES PROSPER MOST WITHOUT GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE. • GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE REDUCES SELF-RELIANCE. • SOCIAL CRITICS: • FACTORY LIFE AND POOR WORKING CONDITIONS HARM WORKERS. • ALL CITIZENS SHOULD OWN ALL MEANS OF PRODUCTION. • GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE WOULD PREVENT THE BEST BUSINESSES FROM RISING TO THE TOP.

19. NEW BUSINESS STRATEGIES Section 2: The Rise of Big Business • INCORPORATION • VERTICAL INTEGRATION • HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION • TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION

20. Section 2: The Rise of Big Business Entrepreneurs take advantage • Carnegie created corporations and used vertical integration to dominate the steel industry. • Rockefeller created corporations and used horizontal integration to dominate the oil industry. • Vanderbilt bought and consolidated many railroad lines. • Westinghouse and Pullman introduced and controlled new railroad technologies.

21. NEW MARKETING METHODS Section 2: The Rise of Big Business • USE OF BRAND NAMES AND SPECIAL PACKAGING • ADVERTISING • DEPARTMENT STORES • CATALOGS • CHAIN STORES

22. Objectives: Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize • WHY DID SOME AMERICANS WANT TRUSTS TO BE BANNED, AND HOW DID THE GOVERNMENT RESPOND? • WHAT TYPES OF WORKING CONDITIONS DID LABORERS FACE IN THE NEW AGE OF RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION? • HOW DID THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR ATTEMPT TO ADDRESS THE NEEDS OF MANY WORKERS? • HOW DID BUSINESSES REACT TO STRIKES IN THE LATE 1800S, AND HOW DID THIS AFFECT UNIONS?

23. THE BANNING OF TRUSTS SECTION 3: LABOR STRIVES TO ORGANIZE • DESIRED BECAUSE OF BELIEF THAT WITHOUT COMPETITION, LARGE MONOPOLIES WOULD HAVE NO REASON TO MAINTAIN QUALITY OR KEEP PRICES LOW • NOT ACCOMPLISHED DESPITE PASSAGE OF THE SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT

24. Working conditions Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize • LOW PAY • LONG HOURS • UNSAFE ENVIRONMENTS • POSSIBILITY OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

25. The Knights of Labor Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize • INCLUDED BOTH SKILLED AND UNSKILLED WORKERS • INCLUDED WOMEN AND, LATER, AFRICAN AMERICANS • ORGANIZED STRIKES, MARCHES, AND DEMONSTRATIONS • EDUCATED AND ORGANIZED WORKERS

26. Strikes in the late 1800s Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize • Businesses responded with blacklists, yellow-dog contracts, lockouts, and violence. • Business tactics hurt many unions and caused skilled workers to break away from unskilled ones.