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Linguistics of German and French

By Marcal/Joachim Lucas Verardo. Linguistics of German and French. Some Important Terms. Phonology- The study of sound patterns in a language Morphology- The study of word formation of a language Case- Any addition to a noun stem to change its meaning

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Linguistics of German and French

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  1. By Marcal/Joachim Lucas Verardo Linguistics of German and French

  2. Some Important Terms • Phonology- The study of sound patterns in a language • Morphology- The study of word formation of a language • Case- Any addition to a noun stem to change its meaning • Syntax- General term for layout of grammar and word order

  3. Indo-European • Evolved 7000 B.C. in present-day Ukraine • Spread to Europe and Asia by 2500 B.C. • Became the root of many major languages • Proto-Indo-European • Common Indo-European

  4. Characteristics • Case System- Consisted of 8 cases. • 5 vowel sounds • Inflected pronunciation • Six verb tenses • Flexible word order (SOV) • 3 voices: Active, passive, and middle (reflexive) • 5 Moods: Indicative, Subjunctive, Optative, Imperative, Injunctive • 3 Genders

  5. Branches of Indo-European • Twelve major branches, only ten have surviving languages • Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, Baltic, Hellenic, Illyric, Thracian, Iranian, Indic, and Romance • Two extinct branches; Anatolian and Tokharian

  6. Proto-Germanic • Earliest evolution of Germanic branch languages • Believed to have used a system of runes as ideographs • Elder Futhark • Eventually evolved an alphabet • No writings ever found

  7. German • Considered a root language of the Germanic branch • Broke apart- First and Second Germanic Sound Shifts • Shifts cause a number of distinct dialects to appear

  8. German vs. Indo-European • Germanic contains three genders • Only contains 4 cases: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive and Dative • Verbs conjugate into three moods, two voices, and six tenses • Word order • Separable prefixes

  9. German Dialects • High German- Spoken by a majority of Germans • Low German- Evolved in the Lowlands. Different enough in form to be regarded bilingual. • Four main varieties: Hochdeutch (High German), Mitteldeutch (Middle German), Niederdeutch (Low German) and Plattdeutch (Flat German)

  10. French • First language of 77 million speakers • 3rd most spoken language in the EU after German and English • Sixteen possible vowel sounds • Five distinct accents: aigu, grave, le trema, la circonflex, and la cedille

  11. French Evolution • Began evolving in 57 B.C. • Romans invade area known as Gaul, populated by Celts at the time. • Later, Germanic Franks invaded Northern France. • Surviving Latin combined with Frankish and Celtic languages

  12. French vs. Indo-European • Only two genders for nouns • No surviving case system • Verbs are conjugated with 7 moods, 5 tenses, and 3 voices. • Moderate inflection • Semi-rigid word order

  13. What’s the Big Difference? • Case System • Three noun genders • Flexible word order • No accent markings • No case system • Two noun genders • Rigid word order • Five accents German French

  14. Similarities • French and German have several similarities. • Phonologically similar • Morphological similarities- mostly shared vocabulary • Verb tenses and moods • Sentence structure

  15. Works cited • http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~hr/lang/dt-hist.htmlhttp://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/German/http://www.krysstal.com/langfams_indoeuro.htmlhttp://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Language/DF_language.shtmlhttp://f99.middlebury.edu/RU232A/STUDENTS/matranga/history.htmhttp://www.frenchlanguageguide.com/french/facts/history/

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