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Chunglim Mak 1 , Philip James 1 , and Miklas Scholz 2

Linking Sustainable urban Drainage Systems ( SuDS ) and ecosystem services: new connections in urban ecology . Chunglim Mak 1 , Philip James 1 , and Miklas Scholz 2 1 Ecosystems & Environment Research Centre, School of Environment & Life Sciences, Peel Building

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Chunglim Mak 1 , Philip James 1 , and Miklas Scholz 2

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  1. Linking Sustainable urban Drainage Systems (SuDS) and ecosystem services: new connections in urban ecology Chunglim Mak1, Philip James1, and Miklas Scholz2 1Ecosystems & Environment Research Centre, School of Environment & Life Sciences, Peel Building 2Civil Engineering Research Centre, School of Computing, Science and Engineering, Newton Building

  2. P1 Current Situation Historically

  3. P2 My experience - A2B Blackridge Station Car park

  4. P3 Gap in current research ?

  5. P4 A new way to link SuDS and ecosystem services. Research Approach To critically evaluate Sustainable urban Drainage Systems in terms of the emerging ecosystem services paradigm. Collect data to verify the links between SuDS and ecosystem services. Data analysis to quantify the SuDS techniques and sites examined. Extrapolate the findings for the analysis of land use changes in a city scale.

  6. P5 Ecosystem Service Indicator SuDS type Rainwater Harvesting Habitat diversity Supporting Availability of pollinators Habitat for species Pervious pavements Land cover Biodiversity Provisioning Harvest / Yield Filter strips Food Stock availability Fresh water Groundwater recharge rates Swales Raw material Number of floods causing damages Defensive expenditures Green roofs Nitrate and Phosphate contents Turbidity Ponds pH Cool air production Infiltration basins and trenches Leaf area index Green volume Wetlands Carbon stocked Regulating Cultural Carbon content and rate of accumulation Groundwater recharge Recreation Underground storage Flood mitigation Legal accessibility Education Water purification Recreational structures Aesthetic Bioretention Local climate and air quality regulation (including Urban Heat Island Mitigation) Location History of educational use Educational Infrastructure Global climate and green house gas regulation (including carbon sequestration) Number of visitors Scenic beauty and visual quality Pollination

  7. P6 Key drivers for sustainability in urban drainage 1 • The impacts of urbanisation on hydrological processes. • Impermeable surfaces result in increased runoff and earlier arrival of stormwater to river. • Rapid rise and fall of peak discharge – sudden flooding of river. (Butler and Davies, 2011) (CIRIA, 2011)

  8. P7 Key drivers for sustainability in urban drainage 2 • Water quality deterioration due to urban diffuse pollution. • Climate change increases risk of flooding.

  9. P8 Key legislations for sustainability in urban drainage • 2000 – Water Framework Directive • All urban surface runoffs has to be controlled so that their impact to the receiving environment is mitigated. • Transposed into UK National legislation in Dec 2003. • 2004 – Making space for water (England) • Government consultation on future flood risk management. • 2006 – National policy in England - Planning Policy Statement 25: Development and Flood Risk • Flood risk management hierarchy: assess, avoid, substitute, control (SuDS), mitigate.

  10. P9 SuDS CIRIA, 2007

  11. P10 SuDS types

  12. P11 Ecosystem Service Indicator SuDS type Rainwater Harvesting Habitat diversity Supporting Availability of pollinators Habitat for species Pervious pavements Land cover Biodiversity Provisioning Harvest / Yield Filter strips Food Stock availability Fresh water Groundwater recharge rates Swales Raw material Number of floods causing damages Defensive expenditures Green roofs Nitrate and Phosphate contents Turbidity Ponds pH Cool air production Infiltration basins and trenches Leaf area index Green volume Wetlands Carbon stocked Regulating Cultural Carbon content and rate of accumulation Groundwater recharge Recreation Underground storage Flood mitigation Legal accessibility Education Water purification Recreational structures Aesthetic Bioretention Local climate and air quality regulation (including Urban Heat Island Mitigation) Location History of educational use Educational Infrastructure Global climate and green house gas regulation (including carbon sequestration) Number of visitors Scenic beauty and visual quality Pollination

  13. P12 Provisions from the natural environment that are beneficial to human beings. Ecosystem Services 1 • 1997 – Gretchen C. Daily et. al. • Introduction to ecosystem services • 1997 – Robert Costanza et. al. • A table listing 17 major categories of ecosystem services and functions. • 2002 – Rudolf S. de Groot et. al. • A framework diagram and a table distinguishing between ecosystem functions, processes, goods and services. • 2005 – Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) • Four categories: supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural.

  14. P13 • 2007 – Boyd and Banzhaf • Started to distinguish ecosystem services and ecosystem processes. Ecosystem Services 2 • 2010 – The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) • Four categories: habitat or supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural. • Excluded ecosystem processes such as primary production and water cycle. • 2011 – UK National Ecosystem Assessment (UK NEA) • Three categories: provisioning, regulating, and cultural. • Excluded supporting services. • 2011 – Bastiana et. al. • Further divide ecosystem services as properties, potentials and services.

  15. P14 Supporting For this research Habitat for species Provisioning Food, fresh water, raw material Groundwater recharge, flood mitigation, water purification, local climate and air quality regulation, global climate and green house gas regulation, pollination Regulating Cultural Recreation, education, aesthetics (Costanza et al., 1997; Daily, 1997; Groot et al., 2002; MEA, 2005; TEEB, 2010; World Resources Institute, 2010; UK NEA, 2011)

  16. P15 Ecosystem Service Indicator SuDS type Rainwater Harvesting Habitat diversity Supporting Availability of pollinators Habitat for species Pervious pavements Land cover Biodiversity Provisioning Harvest / Yield Filter strips Food Stock availability Fresh water Groundwater recharge rates Swales Raw material Number of floods causing damages Defensive expenditures Green roofs Nitrate and Phosphate contents Turbidity Ponds pH Cool air production Infiltration basins and trenches Leaf area index Green volume Wetlands Carbon stocked Regulating Cultural Carbon content and rate of accumulation Groundwater recharge Recreation Underground storage Flood mitigation Legal accessibility Education Water purification Recreational structures Aesthetic Bioretention Local climate and air quality regulation (including Urban Heat Island Mitigation) Location History of educational use Educational Infrastructure Global climate and green house gas regulation (including carbon sequestration) Number of visitors Scenic beauty and visual quality Pollination

  17. P16 Ecosystem services indictors – 1 Biodiversity Habitat for species Landcover Habitat diversity Pollination Availability of pollinators

  18. P17 Landcover Ecosystem services indictors – 3 Global climate and green house gas regulation Carbon content and rate of accumulation Carbon stocked Leaf area index Local climate and air quality regulation Green volume Cool air production

  19. P18 Ecosystem Service Indicator SuDS type Rainwater Harvesting Habitat diversity Supporting Availability of pollinators Habitat for species Pervious pavements Land cover Biodiversity Provisioning Harvest / Yield Filter strips Food Stock availability Fresh water Groundwater recharge rates Swales Raw material Number of floods causing damages Defensive expenditures Green roofs Nitrate and Phosphate contents Turbidity Ponds pH Cool air production Infiltration basins and trenches Leaf area index Green volume Wetlands Carbon stocked Regulating Cultural Carbon content and rate of accumulation Groundwater recharge Recreation Underground storage Flood mitigation Legal accessibility Education Water purification Recreational structures Aesthetic Bioretention Local climate and air quality regulation (including Urban Heat Island Mitigation) Location History of educational use Educational Infrastructure Global climate and green house gas regulation (including carbon sequestration) Number of visitors Scenic beauty and visual quality Pollination

  20. P19 Any questions?

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