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Chemistry Models Yuk Yung GPS Caltech Sagan Exoplanet Summer Workshop Jul 20 2009

Chemistry Models Yuk Yung GPS Caltech Sagan Exoplanet Summer Workshop Jul 20 2009. Models. A Common photochemistry: hundreds of molecules, thousands of reactions Transport: 1-D diffusion vertical 2-D advection 3-D general circulation model. Yung and DeMore, 1999. Today’s Outline.

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Chemistry Models Yuk Yung GPS Caltech Sagan Exoplanet Summer Workshop Jul 20 2009

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  1. Chemistry Models Yuk Yung GPS Caltech Sagan Exoplanet Summer Workshop Jul 20 2009

  2. Models A Common photochemistry: hundreds of molecules, thousands of reactions Transport: 1-D diffusion vertical 2-D advection 3-D general circulation model

  3. Yung and DeMore, 1999

  4. Today’s Outline • Jupiter: The cosmic reference point • Titan: Nature’s Laboratory of Organic Synthesis • Mars: Is Methane biologically produced? • Earth: The cosmic end member • Conclusions

  5. Gravity and Escape

  6. l Determines Evolution Yung and DeMore, 1999

  7. 7

  8. Purines Pyrimidines Sugars Fatty acids Amino acids Nucleotides Lipids (Membranes) Proteins (Catalysts) Nucleic acids (Information)

  9. The chiral Molecules of Life

  10. Today’s Outline • Jupiter: The cosmic reference point • Titan: Nature’s Laboratory of Organic Synthesis • Mars: Is Methane biologically produced? • Earth: The cosmic end member • Conclusions

  11. Hydrocarbons

  12. Winter Circulation

  13. Hydrocarbon Gradients

  14. C2H2 Abundance

  15. Photochemical results HCN CH4; hydrostatic HC3N CH4; non-hydrostatic C6N2 C6H6 C6N2; condensation line Liang et al. 2007

  16. Mars: Gone with the (Solar) Wind • Isotopic Fractionation Kass and Yung Science 1995

  17. Today’s Outline • Jupiter: The cosmic reference point • Titan: Nature’s Laboratory of Organic Synthesis • Mars: Is Methane biologically produced? • Earth: The cosmic end member • Conclusions

  18. Escape and Rayleigh Distillation

  19. Methane on Mars* Spectroscopic detection* Biological Production ? * Geochemical Sources ?Mumma et al. 2009

  20. (Nair, Summers, Miller, and Yung, ICARUS, 2005)

  21. INMS SOIR

  22. This shows the residual circulation of the stream function. The solid lines represent a clockwise flow and the dotted a counterclockwise flow. The top left graph is for January, the top right for April, the bottom left for July, and the bottom right for October.

  23. This is a 3D representation of the methane concentration on Mars for the BASE model simulation for months 36 to 54. It is evident that the most change occurs in the southern polar regions.

  24. This shows the Methane concentration for 6 boxes in the troposphere. Of particular interest is the top left graph, which represents the Southern pole where the concentration changes dramatically as a result of condensation and evaporation of Carbon Dioxide.

  25. The Earth produced hydrogen from some of this water H2

  26. Carbon dioxide exhaled from volcanoes in single-pass magma-transfer to produce the early atmosphere volcano CO2 >> S8,NO Cf. Anatahan, N Marianas (Credit: A. Sauter).

  27. So the atmosphere was carbon dioxide (CO2)

  28. The atmosphere was carbon dioxide (CO2) and the ocean was carbonated water, i.e. acidic (pH 5.5)

  29. &4H2 + CO2 CH4 + 2H2O Hydrogen plus carbon dioxide react slowly to produce methane or acetate 4H2 + 2CO2 CH3COOH + 2H2O

  30. Reactions that are quickened to LIFE

  31. Ocean Acidic on-axis 400C springs Fe,Zn,Ni,Co Exothermic and From W. Bach

  32. Black Smoker at 360 C, pH ~3.4 East Pacific Rise  Too hot, too acidic, too oxidized & too spasmodic (melting point of lead is 327.5ºC) Dudley Foster (WHOI) National Geographic November 1979,

  33. Ocean Main energy discharge at alkaline off-axis site Exothermic and From W. Bach

  34. ALKALINE SUBMARINE SPRING CaCO3 Mg(OH)2 pH 11 T 91C H2 15mmol ~100,000 years Kelley et al. 2001, Nature 412, 145 Science 2005, 307 Früh-Green + 2003, Science 301, 495 Ludwig et al. 2005 EOS, 86,V51B-1487 compartments

  35. Lost City Abiotic H2 > CH4 > HCOO- > CH3COO- Martin et al. Nature Microbiol Rev 6, 805 credit: Deb Kelley

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