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For MEDICAL STUDENTS

BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES. For MEDICAL STUDENTS. What Is Behavioural Science?. Behavioral science is a branch of the sciences which is concerned with the study of human behavior.

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For MEDICAL STUDENTS

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  1. BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES For MEDICAL STUDENTS

  2. What Is Behavioural Science? • Behavioral science is a branch of the sciences which is concerned with the study of human behavior. • Behavioral science looks at individuals and their behavior along with the behavior of societies, groups, and cultures, and processes which can contribute to specific behaviors.

  3. INTRODUCTION TO BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES

  4. Behavioural v/s Social Sciences: • There is a great deal of overlap between this field and the social sciences , which can sometimes lead to confusion: • The social sciences tend to focus more on structural systems and cultures, while behavioral science tends to look at the reactions within and between organisms which dictate behavioral trends.

  5. Behavioural Sciences in Medical Practice: • Workers in the public health field have learned to integrate behavioral science into their practice to promote healthy behaviors and encourage people to access health care. • Psychologists and other mental health professionals may also incorporate behavioral science into their treatment of patients.

  6. A review of teaching of behavioural sciences: • The need for a formal behavioural sciences teaching programme in the dental undergraduate curriculum was identified in the 1980s. • The General Dental Council (GDC) has had a pivotal role in developing behavioural sciences teaching in the dental curriculum across the UK in 1990. • However, the nature and extent of this teaching remains unclear and indications are that it varies greatly between schools with varying individual perspectives on how it should be taught.

  7. The teaching of behavioural sciences: • Medical science over the last few decades has undergone vast changes. Technologically it has advanced at a rapid pace. There has been a realization as well that the behaviour of individuals and communities also influences the occurrence of disease. • Medical schools around the globe have realized the need for incorporating behavioural sciences as an integral part of the basic sciences taught to medical students.

  8. Concept of holistic Approach: • Although the advice was limited and focused solely on psychology , however, it did endorse the role of the patient as a 'person' in the interaction between doctor and patient, emphasising a holistic approach.

  9. OLD TRADITIONAL METHOD, treats the diseased parts of the patient.

  10. HOLISTIC APPROACH, from theory of Holism, treats person as a whole. HEALTH (Dynamic state of body-mind-spirit balance) • PERSON • (Mind-Body- Spirit) ENVIRONMENT DOCTOR Family, Culture,Status

  11. Respect Compassion Integrity Customer Focus Openness Respect Acknowledging a person’s dignity Compassion Being thoughtful of people’s needs and supporting them in ways that protect their soul. Integrity Being truthful, sincere, fair and consistent in all dealings. Customer Focus Spending time and energy to ensure that patients/clients and customers are well .served Openness Ensuring transparency of process, structure and communication.

  12. Principle Pillars Of Behavioural Sciences: Behavioural sciences primarily describe the combination of the subjects of psychology and sociology. Other areas such as anthropology, communication and epidemiology are also sometimes included.

  13. B.S. - A Study of human Behaviour, using principles of;

  14. PSYCHOLOGY: • Psychology is the science of mind and behaviour. • Its immediate goal is to understand humanity by both discovering general principles and exploring specific cases,and its ultimate aim is to benefit society

  15. SOCIOLOGY: • Sociology, the scientific study of human social behavior. • As the study of humans in their collective aspect, sociology is concerned with all group activities: economic, social, political, and religious.

  16. ANTHROPOLOGY: • Anthropology is the study of humanity. • The scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans.

  17. In Essence and for Practice of holistic medicine, Behavioural Sciences combines the disciplines of basic sciences (ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY & BIO-CHEMISTRY) with psychology, sociology and anthropology.

  18. PERSON • (Mind-Body- Spirit) ENVIRONMENT HEALTH (Dynamic state of physical, mental, spiritual and social well being.) Family, Society, Culture, Beliefs, Religion, Status. DOCTOR

  19. The Biopsychosocial Revolution

  20. The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Illness • In 1977, American Psychiatrist George Engel introduced the major theory in medicine, the BPS Model. The model accounted for biological, psychological, and sociological interconnected spectrums, each as systems of the body. • In fact, the model accompanied a dramatic shift in focus from disease to health, recognizing that psychosocial factors (e.g. beliefs, relationships, stress) greatly impact recovery, the progression of and recuperation from illness and disease.

  21. QUOTE BY GEORGE ENGEL !! To provide a basis for understanding the determinants of disease and arriving at a rational treatments and patterns of health care, a medical model must also take into account the patient, the social context in which he lives and the complementary system devised by society to deal with the disruptive effects of illness, that is, the physician role and the health care system. This requires a biopsychosocial model."

  22. BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL MODEL

  23. Biomedical Model- an example • Reason for visit: Patient complains of chest pain. • Presentation: The focus is on physical causes of disease. The physician will ask few questions on recent diet, pain history, and familial incidence, however, empirical signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction are considered paramount. • Diagnosis: The clinician will order objective lab tests and monitor vital signs (i.e. temperature, pulse, and blood pressure) that would form the sole basis of any finding. • Therapy: The doctor will prescribe a medicinal plan for the patient based on biological etiology and pathogenesis.

  24. Biopsychosocial Model- an example • Reason for visit: Patient complains of chest pain. • Presentation: The aim is to ascertain psychosocial and physical processes that may cause the chief complain, chest pain. The physician may ask for a history of recent life stressors and behaviors. • Diagnosis: Based on a combination of psychological factors and standard lab tests, the clinician will form a diagnosis. • Therapy: The physician discusses the available interventions with special attention to behaviors and lifestyles that could influence her pain and adherence to the treatment plan. The patient is involved in formulating and implementing the plan, and maintains a supportive relationship with theclinician.

  25. QUOTES !!!!! • The greatest mistake in the treatment of diseases is that there are physicians for the body and physicians for the soul, although the two cannot be separated.  ~Plato • Body and soul cannot be separated for purposes of treatment, for they are one and indivisible.  Sick minds must be healed as well as sick bodies.  ~C. Jeff Miller

  26. NON-PHARMOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS

  27. COMMUNICATION SKILLS: • "We all use language to communicate, to express ourselves, to get our ideas across, and to connect with the person to whom we are speaking. When a relationship is working, the act of communicating seems to flow relatively effortlessly. When a relationship is deteriorating, the act of communicating can be as frustrating as climbing a hill of sand." Chip Rose, attorney and mediator

  28. COMMUNICATION: Communication is integral for any relationship, be it at home, with friends, or at work. Research has shown consistently that a deficiency in this skill can absolutely ruin relationships. The foundation of solid interpersonal skills is not just making yourself be heard but also involves an understanding of where other people are coming from.

  29. INTRODUCTION: • What is communication? In simple words we can say that “just to convey the message”

  30. THE THREE COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION: The verbal component refers to the content of our message‚ the choice and arrangement of our words. The nonverbal component refers to the message we send through our body language. The paraverbal component refers to how we say what we say - the tone, pacing and volume of our voices.

  31. SO IN SHORT: Communication Involves Three Components: Verbal Messages - the words we choose Paraverbal Messages - how we say the words Nonverbal Messages - our body language

  32. TWO THINGS TO DO: In order to communicate effectively, we must use all three components to do two things: 1. Send clear, concise messages. 2. Hear and correctly understand messages someone is sending to us.

  33. If we go in more detail we can say that “communication is the process of Transmitting (AB) & Receiving (B A) Messages.”

  34. SENDING MESSAGES: Effective Verbal Messages: Are brief, succinct, and organized Are free of jargon Do not create resistance in the listener. Non-verbal Messages: Account for about 55% of what is perceivedand understood by others. Are conveyed through our facial expressions as well as our postures and gestures. Para-verbal Messages: Account for about 38% of what isperceived and understood by others. Include the tone, pitch, and pacing ofour voice.

  35. The Importance of Consistency: In all of our communications we want to strive to send consistent verbal, paraverbal and nonverbal messages. When our messages are inconsistent, the listener may become confused. Inconsistency can also create a lack of trust and undermine the chance to build a good working relationship.

  36. RECEIVING MESSAGES: Listening Requires concentration and energy Involves a psychological connection with the speaker Includes a desire and willingness to try and see things from another's perspective Requires that we suspend judgment and evaluation Effectively done in a setting of Exclusivity.

  37. Key Listening Skills: Nonverbal: Giving full physical attention to the speaker; Being aware of the speaker's nonverbal messages; Verbal: Paying attention to the words and feelings that are being expressed; Using reflective listening tools such as paraphrasing, reflecting, summarizing, and questioning to increase understanding of the message and help the speaker tell his story.

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